ALERT NEWSLETTER – March 2019

Hi Everyone,

The Birminghamfest is here, and I hope you can attend.

The Birminghamfest will occur Friday and Saturday March 1 & 2 at its new home at the Trussville Civic Center. For more information go to http://birminghamfest.org/

Three Saturday forums of particular interest will be:

10 – 11 AM Weather Preparation by FOX-6 Meteorologist Wes Wyatt Fireside Room 3
11 – 12 PM ARES – Statewide by David Gillespie W4LHQ AL SEC Fireside Room 2
12 – 1 PM ALERT by Casey Benefield NZ2O President Fireside Room 2

Our next ALERT meeting will be on Tuesday, March 12 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

Hope to see you there!

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Non-Amateur Radio Options For Emergency Preparedness

This topic may seem like an odd subject to discuss, as the Newsletter has always promoted Amateur Radio as the go to approach for Emergency Communications and Preparedness. The Newsletter was originally designed as an outreach to ALERT members and prospective members, but, over the years has it has evolved and is reaching an ever broadening readership, both, Amateur and Non-Amateur. The following applies to both groups, either as information to the unlicensed or as a resource for hams addressing the problem that will be covered.

In the February 2018 Newsletter I wrote an article titled “The Strangers Among Us” covering the increasingly frequent practice of Preppers and others purchasing ham equipment, most notably $20 Baofeng UV-5R handie talkies to “put in my bug out bag” or for buddies to use covertly in the woods for hunting, and other activities, all without bothering to obtain an Amateur Radio License.

On Social Media forums dealing with Amateur Radio or Emergency Preparedness, those getting these radios seem genuinely surprised and sometimes irritated when a ham tells them “you do know you need an FCC license to use this, don’t you?”

To play devil’s advocate for a moment, if you look at advertisements on Amazon, EBay, Wish or other online retail sites, unless you read the comments section, if they have one, there is not a single reference to any licensing requirement. So, it’s entirely possible that many, if not most people do not realize that an FCC license is required.

Others simply don’t care. “In an emergency, who cares?”, “just another buck in the governments wallet”, “they just want to be able to track you”, “my beeswax, not yours” etc, etc.

I and others try to explain things to them, my usual spiel being variations of:

“Why bother getting a license?

Legality aside, ham radios aren’t just a “key the mic & talk” situation. By going through the process you learn how to communicate effectively. You learn about where you will have the best results range and propagation wise, both frequency and location wise. You learn how to build and repair antennas for instance. You learn how not to interfere or hamper emergency communications, causing more harm than good. Plus, and this is based on actual experience, if you are in trouble and try to talk on one, hams don’t know whether to believe you are really needing help or just another unlicensed person squirreling around with a stolen Radio. My group learned this the hard way after dispatching EMTs to a vacant field based on a realistic sounding bogus call. Plus part of “Preparation” is practicing. As with any type of equipment or skills, you want to learn what will or won’t work now, before the SHTF, not after, when everything has crapped out and time is critical and you end up wondering why nothing seems to be working as advertised. Learn now, practice now. Think of studying for one as just another way of preparing. The more knowledge you have, the more you stack the deck in your favor if the SHTF. As to the “I don’t want the government to track me” thinking I sometimes hear, believe me, they already can easily do that by websites visited, credit & debit cards used, social media posts and by Facebook groups frequented. So, that cat is already out of the bag. By getting a license and getting involved you may be surprised at how many hams share your same interests and will help you out setting things up. Not preaching at you, just explaining. Come join us. It’s fun and we need you! http://www.arrl.org/getting-licensed“

Some seem interested, some don’t. Some indicate appreciation, and at any rate I haven’t been cursed out – yet.

Fortunately most can’t figure out how to program the radios anyway and the radios end up being forgotten in a dusty backpack, with the batteries corroding and leaking everywhere. But, there are always a few “helpful folk”, sometimes hams, which walk them through the process of using CHIRP and other methods to program and use these unlicensed radios. Which to me maybe isn’t best thing for them to be doing, for if the ones they help do end up “bootlegging it up” on the ham bands without a license, they have at the least “enabled them” and at the worst they have “aided and abetted” them.

Amateur radio, if you learn how to legally and properly use one, is the best, most versatile means of emergency communications available. However, if one isn’t interested or willing to follow the proper and sensible means of getting into the realm, there are other radio services available, that are effective and do not require a license.

If you or someone you know wants to have two way radio communications capability, but, have no interest or intention of getting a license, the following “common man” (meaning they don’t cost a fortune) options are available to you.

The first is by no means a secret.

CB Radio

The Class D Citizen’s Radio Service or “Citizens Band” has a much checkered past. Hams hated it from the start, since the band was culled out of the 11 Meter Ham Band, which covered 26.960 to 27.230 MHz.

But, the main reason many hams looked down on the service was the operating procedures or lack thereof of the operators.

“Key down, key down, key down, Unit 147 Roundman, Unit 147 Roundman, Unit 147 Roundman in Central Alabama, Central Alabama, Central Alabama, ghost talkin’, ghost talkin’, ghost talkin on the eleven meter business band QRT and standin’ by on the side Woooooooooooooooooooooo.”

Hearing this nonsense, which was often accompanied by an annoying echo mic that made people sound as if they are standing in the bottom of a well, with a signal bleeding over half the radio spectrum, hardly inspired respect. Not to mention “Freebanding”, the practice of illegally using frequencies outside of the CB Band.

Fortunately there is much less of this foolishness now than in the “old days”.

In the early days these problems didn’t exist.

The original concept was for CB to be for short range communications, sort of the “poor man’s business-band radio” (even today the current fees for Business Band licenses are in the three digit range), and CB regulations were structured similarly to those regulating the Business Band radio service, and a $20 license was required.

Until 1975, officially only channels 9-14 and 23 could be used for “interstation” calls to other licensees. Channels 1-8 and 15-22 were reserved for “intrastation” communications among units with the same license. Channel 9 was reserved as the emergency channel, similar to Channel 16 in the VHF Marine Band. After the inter-station/intra-station rule was dropped, channel 11 was reserved as a calling frequency for the purpose of establishing communications; however, this was withdrawn in 1977.

During this early period, it was common for a town to adopt an inter-station channel as its “home” channel. This helped prevent overcrowding on Channel 11, enabling a CBer to monitor a town’s home channel to contact another CBer from that town instead of a making a general call on Channel 11.

At first the system actually worked.

During the 1960’s very little activity was heard on the CB band. This I know because one Christmas, when I was 7 or 8 years old, I was given some Channel 14 walkie talkies (no one called them HT’s back then) which I and my brother played with. These, sets, while being crystal controlled for transmit, had very wide open receivers, receiving anything in the 11 Meter band, because they were basically junk radios. During the brief time we used them, I heard only one other station come through the ether.

Ten years later, in 1976, I found one of the pair in the closet and out of curiosity popped a 9 volt battery in and thought the receiver must have been shot, as there were dozens upon dozens of people doubling, tripling, cussing and screeching on top of each other.

The CB Boom was booming.

Two factors made the CB Boom the disaster that it was. One being that it was the fad of the day which suddenly plopped two million people into 23 channels, soon to be increased to 40, stretching from 26.965 to 27.405 MHz. This seemingly drew every lunatic on the planet. The second factor was that the boom hit just as the sunset cycle was heading towards its peak. So not only did you have to deal with the local nut cases, you had a few hundred thousand intimate friends from California dumping in on you via the ionosphere as well.

Why the FCC chose a DX band for a short range communications service is beyond me. They finally lifted the 155 mile distance limitation in 2017, while maintaining the power limitations of 4 watts on AM and 12 watts for SSB

But, to be fair, even back then, though it didn’t seem as such, more operators than not wanted and tried to operate in as “proper a fashion” as they knew how, as many were or later would became hams. I had a CB, still do in fact, and I observed the rules, trying to emulate the hams I heard on my scanner and followed the “try to be the example you want to see” theory.

Though there are still many stations on CB, the days of the Boom are long over.

Today if you are near a city, at times the band can still resemble the days when it was the “Wild West Of The Radio Dial” as it was during those peak days of the 1970’s, when it was muddled maelstrom of muck.

However, if you are away from a city, what CB activity you may actually hear is much more “tame” being comparable to 2 meter operations. So for unlicensed base to base, mobile to base or mobile to mobile operations, CB is a viable affordable option. CB was heavily used by emergency relief teams after Katrina, and I have always said, hams should have a CB in their “tool kit”. Especially when travelling.

FRS – Family Radio Service

The Family Radio Service, or FRS, is an unlicensed, simplex only, FM UHF personal radio service used by families, children, and campers to communicate. I also hear businesses use them, as they view it as an unlicensed low cost Business Band.

The FRS consists of 22 channels in the 462 MHz and 467 MHz range, all of which are shared with General Mobile Radio Service. Channel 1 is the default “calling channel”.

FRS radios are limited to 2 Watts on channels 1-7 and 15-22 and 0.5 watts on channels 8 – 14. Many FRS radios have provisions for using sub-audible PL tones to filter out unwanted chatter from other users on the same frequency, and add some degree of privacy.

https://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/FRS/GMRS_combined_channel_chart

FRS radios must use only permanently attached antennas, though there are also table-top FRS “base station” radios that have whip antennas. This limitation intentionally restricts the range of communications, allowing greatest use of the available channels by the community.

FRS manufacturers generally, and I might add, perhaps deceptively, exaggerate the radio’s range.
Under perfect conditions, hill top to hill top or over open water, 35 miles or more is possible. However, under normal conditions, with line of sight blocked by buildings or trees, FRS has an actual range of about 0.3 to 1 mile.

I have used these in State Parks and while hiking and they do a very decent job.

These inexpensive radios are the most commonly seen radios out there. I see them displayed at department stores, drug stores and of course online.

Hams should have one or two of these in their “RF Arsenal” also.

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MURS – Multi-Use Radio Service

Established in 2000, the Multi-Use Radio Service is a low power, short range, unlicensed personal radio service in the 150 MHz band. The FCC defines it as “a private, two-way, short-distance voice or data communications service for personal or business activities of the general public.”

MURS radios are rated at 2 watts. Antenna height is limited to 20 feet above structure or 60 feet above ground, whichever is the greater.

MURS is authorized five channels that were previously in the Industrial/Business Radio Service and were known as the “color dot” frequencies in Part 90 of the FCC rules.

MURS Designated Frequencies

MURS 1 = 151.8200
MURS 2 = 151.8800
MURS 3 = 151.9400
MURS 4 = 154.5700 “Blue Dot”
MURS 5 = 154.6000 “Green Dot”

These radios are more expensive than CB or FRS Radios. But, still within my “common man” (I could afford them) definition.

GMRS General Radio Mobile Service

In the discussion of FRS radios, the General Mobile Radio Service was mentioned.

The GMRS is a land-mobile FM UHF radio service designed for short-distance two-way communication. GMRS shares the same frequencies as the FRS but can use higher power, 5 watts on Channels 1 – 7, as opposed to the FRS 2 watts, 50 watts on Channels 15 – 22 as opposed to the FRS 2 watts, and though there are none in the Birmingham area, repeaters are allowed.

This service DOES require a license.

Any individual in the United States who is at least 18 years of age and not a representative of a foreign government may apply for a GMRS license by completing the application forms 159 and form 605, either on paper or online through the FCC’s Universal Licensing System. Though no exam is required, there is a $70 fee for the 10 year license.

A GMRS individual license extends to immediate family members and authorizes them to use the licensed system and they are allowed to communicate with FRS users on those frequencies that are shared between the two services. GMRS individual licenses do not extend to employees, or non-family members. Non-family members must be licensed separately.

Licensees are entitled to communicate among themselves for personal or business purposes

In any case, each GMRS station must be identified by transmission of its FCC call sign at the end of a transmission or a series of transmissions, and at least once every 15 minutes for a series lasting more than 15 minutes. The call sign may be spoken or sent with CW. A repeater handling properly identified transmissions of others is not required to send its own station identification.

As we close, I will remind you that this article was not written to discourage people from getting a ham radio license, but, rather to help those considering communications methods by giving them options to consider.

If you are not willing to go through the licensing process, but, want a method of talking between vehicles or a base camp. Ham radio is probably not for you. But, CB would be.

If you are not willing to go through the licensing process, but, wish to talk to your kids in the mall, the woods or talk to your fishing or off-road buddies, then FRS maybe for you.

If you are not willing to go through the licensing process, but, want to have “tactical” communications for “reenactments” or for prepper groups operating in the backwoods, then MURS might be for you.

If you are a ham radio operator in Emergency Communications then having CB, FRS, MURS and even GMRS might be an option you want to include, as it gives you more RF options to choose from.

In the Bushcraft world there is a principle called “The Fire Triangle”. It states you can’t have a fire unless you have the three parts of the triangle, which are fuel, heat and oxygen.

In radio communications we have our own “RF Triangle”. Besides having equipment, to communicate successfully you need to know when, where and how to use your equipment.

“When” can depend on the solar cycle, time of day propagation wise or the most likely times people are going to be on a radio, for instance chances are better during commuting as opposed to 3 AM.

“Where” can depend on what your target is. Ordinarily if you want to reach Ottawa you won’t be able to do so on 2 meters, likewise talking to a town a county few miles away may not be possible on 160 meters.

“How” depends on the type of equipment, both radio and antenna you are using and what mode you are using. Plus proper operating procedures, as otherwise should you try using ham radio without at least rudimentary knowledge of how to do so you might as well be talking into a pine cone.

People venture into ham radio for many reasons. Whether it’s for Emergency Preparedness, to augment outdoor adventures, to talk to distant lands or to experiment with technology old and new, they are all valid reasons to get into the hobby.

A ham radio license does not make you a “radio expert”. It’s the first step in the journey. You will, if you are wise, never quit learning. 41 years ago I began this journey. I certainly don’t claim to know it all and am still learning daily.

Many times when one looks back on life they see things they would if they could, have done differently or not at all. Looking back, getting into ham radio was one of the wiser things I have done.

If you venture into the hobby, I think you will find this true for you also.

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Birmingham NWS Spring 2019 Storm Spotter Courses

The Birmingham NWS office will present several online Basic Spotter Courses and a single online Advanced Spotter Course this Spring. These online classes allow individuals to complete the courses in the comfort of their own home or office with the use of https://www.join.me/
meeting site.

By attending any course, which runs about 1.5 – 2 hours, individuals or a group of individuals will become SKYWARN Storm Spotters.

Unless you are in need of or just want to attend a refresher Course, you do not need to attend more than one Basic SKYWARN Course, as the material covered is the same; however it is required you to attend at least one Basic SKYWARN Course before taking the Advanced SKYWARN Course.

These courses are two-way, meaning you will be able to interact with the meteorologist leading the training. You will be muted while training is in-progress, and unmuted when applicable (e.g., for questions); or, you can use the built-in chat feature.

The current online schedule is as follows:

Basic Class Thursday, February 28 at 6:30 PM Use Session Code 639-949-245
Basic Class Tuesday, March 5 at 6:30 PM Use Session Code 139-919-548
Basic Class Thursday, March 7 at 1:00 PM Use Session Code 935-889-029
Basic Class Thursday, March 14 at 6:30 PM Use Session Code 161-839-700
Basic Class Tuesday, March 26 at 1:00 PM Use Session Code 554-206-449
Basic Class Wednesday, March 27 at 6:30 PM Use Session Code 267-377-880
Advanced Class Thursday April 4 at 6:30 PM Use Session Code 804-008-842

Enter the session code at https://www.join.me/

The on-site will be at:

Lee County
Basic Class
Wednesday, March 6 at 1:00 PM
University Campus Safety & Security
543 West Magnolia Avenue
Auburn, Alabama

Please e-mail to register:
ljl0003@auburn.edu

These classes will help you provide the NWS the vital “ground truth” information they need to verify radar indications, target their attention and help you relay reports in a clear manner to the NWS, either directly via the 1-800-856-0758 Storm Reporting Hotline, online at http://www.weather.gov/bmx/submit_storm_report or amateur radio. This knowledge helps SKYWARN Net Control stations filter reports, by giving them knowledge of what reporting stations are trying to describe. This way they can tell if the report is a valid report, an invalid report by an overly excited operator or a valid, but, poorly described report, which without this knowledge would be mistakenly dismissed.

For further information on these classes visit: http://www.weather.gov/bmx/skywarnschedule

If you don’t mind travelling to North Alabama, you might consider NWS Huntsville’s training classes also.

For further information on these classes visit: http://www.weather.gov/hun/skywarn

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Mark’s Almanac

Originally called Martius, March is the third month & first month of the Roman calendar. March is named for Mars, the god of war, and was the start of the military campaign season.

The beginning of “Meteorological Spring”, which is based on changes in temperature and precipitation, not the solar angle, is March 1

March is a wet month. Most floods occur in March and rainfall averages around 6 inches.
Tornadic activity sharply increases in March with there being an increase of 2.2 times the number of tornadoes over the February amount. The focal point for this tornadic activity is the Gulf States.

March is the hail maximum for the Deep South. This is due both to the number of thunderstorms & due to the freezing level still being near the surface. This allows hail to form at lower altitudes and reach the ground intact, as opposed to summer months, when the freezing level is higher and near surface level temperatures are higher melting the hail into liquid before impact.

North Atlantic Tropical activity remains at a minimum. From 1851 to 2018 there has been only one Hurricane to occur. A 100 MPH unnamed Hurricane which affected the Lesser Antilles in March 6- 9, 1908. Some sources also cite a pre-Civil War Tropical Storm also occurring, but others do not.

South Atlantic Tropical activity doesn’t have a sharp peak as the North Atlantic season does in September, however currently March has a thin lead in activity, as from 1957 – 2017 there have been 10 identified Tropical Systems, including the only known South Atlantic Hurricane – Hurricane Catarina which struck Brazil March 28, 2004.

Brazilian authorities at first were unwilling to admit that Catarina was a hurricane, for up until that time is was considered impossible for the South Atlantic to generate a tropical system, due to wind shear, cold sea surface temperatures and the lack of storm systems from which a storm could develop. With extensive damage from an impossible storm looking at them, they finally reluctantly agreed that maybe NOAA’s opinion was right.

Meanwhile, back in Alabama…

Killing frosts are gone and the last average frost is on March 16.

March is a snow month for Alabama & there is a 45% chance of snow up to one inch, and an 8% chance of one inch or more.

The good news is that there is hope on the horizon as Spring will arrive at Vernal Equinox on March 20 at 21:58 UTC or 4:58 P.M. CDT.

The Sun will shine directly on the equator and there will be nearly equal amounts of day and night throughout the world. This is also the first day of fall, or Autumnal Equinox, in the Southern Hemisphere.

Remember to get the eggs out, as it is said that you can stand eggs on their ends at the hour of equinox.

Days grow longer as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon rapidly increases from 49.0 degrees at the beginning of the month to 60.7 degrees at the end. Daylight increases from 11 hours 28 minutes on March 1 to 12 hours 30 minutes on March 31.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

March 1 Sunrise 6:16 AM Sunset 5:44 PM
March 15 Sunrise 6:58 AM Sunset 6:55 PM
March 31 Sunrise 6:36 AM Sunset 7:07 PM *Daylight Savings Time

Why the sunrise is later midmonth as opposed to the first and the last of the month is due to a combination of the quirks in the Earth’s orbit, it’s axial tilt and it being near equinox affecting the length of day based on sunlight as opposed to the measurement of time based on the Earth’s rotation.

For other locations go to http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/RS_OneDay.php and input the locations and dates you are interested in.

Daylight Savings Time begins at 2 AM on March 10. So remember to “spring forward” one hour. This, of course means I will lose one hour of “beauty sleep”, which is something I desperately need.

I don’t particularly care for Daylight Savings Time. I share the same opinion I find on the “Republic Of Lakotah” website:

When told the reason for daylight saving time the old Indian said…
“Only a white man would believe that you could cut a foot off the top of a blanket and sew it to the bottom of a blanket and have a longer blanket.”

Saint Patrick’s Day is Saturday March 17, and you better participate by wearing a Touch O’ The Green or you will be plagued by leprechauns and gnomes. Not a pleasant experience, I can assure you.

Looking towards the sky, Mercury (magnitude 0.0) is still near his highest point in the evening sky. Look or him low in the west as twilight fades. At the first of the month he is the brightest object near the horizon, but, is fading and falling fast. By mid-month he will be lost in the Sun’s glare and will pass between the Sun and Earth, or be in Inferior Conjunction, on March 14.

But Mercury dwindles in brightness by about half this week, from magnitude –0.8 to 0.0. Still, there’s nothing in that part of the sky that’s nearly as bright to confuse it with (except airplanes!)

Venus (magnitude –4.1), rises well before Sunrise. In a telescope Venus is dazzling white and gibbous.

Mars (magnitude +1.1, in Aries) still glows high in the west-southwest at nightfall and sets around 11 p.m. In a telescope he is a tiny reddish blob.

Jupiter (magnitude –2.0, in Virgo) rises well before dawn.

Saturn (magnitude +0.6, in Sagittarius or as my Mom would teasingly say “Shaggytaurus”) rises well before dawn. On March 28, Saturn will be 0.1° North of the Moon.

Venus, Jupiter and Saturn are all nicely arrayed this month. As dawn gets under way Venus shines in the low southeast, and Jupiter is the bright dot three or four fists at arm’s length to its upper right. Look for Saturn, much fainter, about sixth to a third of the way from Venus to Jupiter. The line is lengthening; all three planets move a little farther away from each other each morning.

Jupiter appears twice as Venus large in apparent diameter, but its surface brightness is some 50 times dimmer.

That’s mostly due to Jupiter being seven times farther from the illuminating Sun.

The effect of the distance is deceiving, as Venus and Jupiter have similarly bright albedos or reflectivity. Jupiter’s cloud tops reflect an average 52% of the sunlight that hits them, while the clouds of Venus reflect 65%. Pictures of Jupiter are rarely displayed in a way that shows this similarity; websites and magazines usually prefer to increase the darkness and contrast of Jupiter to emphasize details in its clouds.

Uranus, magnitude 5.8, at the Aries-Pisces border) hides below Mars.

Neptune is lost in the sunset, and will pass behind the Sun on March 6.

3917 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of February 21, per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/

The Moon will be at her greatest distance from Earth or apogee at 252,520 miles on March 4.

New Moon will occur March 6 at 10:02 UTC or 4:04 AM CST. The Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

The Moon will be at her closest distance from Earth or perigee at 223,308 miles on March 19.

March’s first Full Moon will occur on March 2 at 2:43 PM CDT or 19:43 UTC. This full moon was known by early Native American tribes “Worm Moon”. So called because the rains disturb the earthworms & they are seen wiggling around after the rains.

This moon has also been known as the Full Crow Moon, the Full Crust Moon, the Full Sap Moon, and the Lenten Moon.

Celestial carnivores are emerging from hibernation. After dinnertime at this time of year, five carnivore constellations are rising upright in a ragged row from the northeast to south. They’re all seen in profile with their noses pointed up and their feet (if any) to the right. These are The Great Bear, Ursa Major in the northeast, with the Big Dipper as its brightest part, Leo the Lion in the east, Hydra the Sea Serpent in the southeast, The Lesser Dog, Canis Minor higher in the south-southeast, and The Greater Dog, bright Canis Major in the south.

Sirius, shining at magnitude −1.46, the brightest night time star, blazes high in the south on the meridian, in Canis Major by about 8 or 9 p.m. Using binoculars, you will find a fuzzy spot 4° south of Sirius, directly below it when directly South. Four degrees is somewhat less than the width of a typical binocular’s field of view.

That dim little patch of gray haze is open star cluster Messier 41, a small gravitationally bound group of 100 stars about 2,200 light-years away, and moving away from us at 869 miles per second. Sirius, by comparison, is only 8.6 light-years away.

Canopus, the second-brightest star after Sirius, lies 36° almost due south of Sirius. That’s far enough south that it never appears above the horizon if you are above latitude 37° N, such as southern Virginia, southern Missouri and central California. Luckily we lie south of that latitude, with our horizon lying, in the case of Central Alabama, around latitude 33°. So give Canopus, which crosses low above the horizon, due south just 21 minutes before Sirius does, a peak.

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This month’s ALERT meeting will be on March 12 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

If for some reason you cannot attend the meeting in person, you can still participate via telephone. The teleconference number is 1-877-951-0997 & and the participant code is 741083.

Hope to see you there!

Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter

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