ALERT NEWSLETTER – January 2019

Hi Everyone,

I hope you all had a good Christmas and have a Happy New Year. Santa was good to me and I hope he was to you also.

2018 was an active year for ALERT with new members and new opportunities. I’m looking forward to 2019 and seeing what adventures the New Year will bring.

A brief rundown of the regular ALERT schedule for the first seven months is:

January 8 Regular Meeting
February 12 Regular Meeting
March 1 & 2 Birmingham Hamfest / ALERT & NWS table & Skywarn Forum at the
Trussville Civic Center
March 12 Regular Meeting / Nominating Committee Formed
April 9 Regular Meeting / Nominating Committee Report
May 14 Regular Meeting / ALERT Elections
June 11 Regular Meeting
July 9 Regular Meeting / New Officers Take Office / Dues Due $$$

ALERT appreciates your efforts and participation in responding to callouts, serving in the various ALERT offices, and for supporting our organization, both on and off the air.

YOUR ALERT & The NWS thanks you!

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Proposed Amendment 7

To all Operational and Supporting ALERT Members,

The following proposed Amendment to the ALERT Bylaws was passed unanimously by
the ALERT Board of Directors and is presented for your consideration.

The membership at large will vote on this Amendment at our next regular meeting on January 8.

The Amendment is as follows:

Amendment 7

ARTICLE III

Section 1.
Membership in ALERT is available to all eligible according to the ALERT Bylaws, without regard to race, creed, color, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, disability or any other legally protected status of the applicant.

Section 2.
Those wishing to join ALERT may do so by submitting a completed membership application, with appropriate dues to the ALERT Membership Officer.

Section 3.
The application shall then be presented to the membership at the next regular meeting for approval. Applicants will become a member upon approval of a majority of the voting membership present at the meeting.

Section 4.
If there are dissenting votes, the vote will be tabled and the application and objections will be reviewed by the Board of Directors in executive session, and based upon the results of this review, the application shall either be summarily approved or disapproved by the Board of Directors.

. . . .

This Amendment clarifies the membership process and provides for certain protections for both
ALERT and for prospective members wishing to join ALERT.

When considering this Amendment we looked at the membership processes of several of our sister organizations to help guide us and maintain a “commonality” in line with other kindred organizations. Organizations which we looked at included the Birmingham, Shelby County, Tuscaloosa County, Montgomery and Blount County Amateur Radio Clubs. The Amendment is a melding of these concepts.

Over the years the process of informally voting members into the organization has become a custom, though not specifically mentioned in the bylaws or in any way binding. This Amendment helps make things “official”.

This Amendment provides protection for ALERT in the extremely rare case of someone of “questionable character or reputation” attempting to join ALERT. Examples of this being someone who has been banned from other organizations due to their disruptive behavior, criminal activity, or someone unable to discuss things in a civil manner, without becoming violent, “getting in people’s faces” or invading one’s personal space.

Debate is certainly welcome, and I’ve seen some good ones in the past, but, they were always within the bounds of gentlemanly decorum.

In the British Parliament the Labour Party sets on one side of the chamber and the Conservative or Tory Party sit on the other. They can yell and call each other anything but a child of God to their hearts content as long as they don’t step over two red lines running the length of the chamber. The red lines are exactly two sword lengths apart. This dates back to a time when this was a prudent precaution.

We’ve never had to paint lines on the conference room floor at the NWS, and I feel confident that it is not in our future.

I would think being habitually under the influence at meetings or being an obvious lunatic would be sufficient grounds for denial.

Examples of the latter being talking to invisible “friends”, discussing blowing up people, places and things, or being given to suddenly howling and snapping for unexplained reasons, which are circumstances we might wish to avoid.

Cases for actually banning someone from membership would be extremely rare. “I just don’t like em”, “he’s a creep, he called me a no-code weather whacko on 88”, “she has Chihuahuas, that ought to tell you something about her”, or “I heard a rumor from my cousin’s uncle Joe that his aunt Flo says he’s been a sot ever since she divorced him in 1982 for running around with that floozy Wilma down at the truck stop” would not be sufficient reasons for denial.

In other words, it has to be an exceedingly good reason.

An actual threat to physical, organizational or facility security would be a valid reason, as would the recommendations and wishes of the NWS.

Nothing specific has triggered this Amendment. We are merely updating our procedures to
reflect 21st century standards, circumstances and situations.

We want, need and welcome new members.

Thank you for your consideration.

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WINTER DRIVING

With the beauty of winter comes the storms of bad winter and the cold weather that follows. Many fear the effects of the cold blustery days, but with a little preparation and some easily learned skills our chances of avoiding common mishaps and staying safe greatly increase in our favor.

Our primary means of transportation is our vehicles. One common trick of the trade you can use is first what the British military calls “first parade check.”

This involves approaching the vehicle at a 45 degree angle so each wheel can be seen. You are looking for anything under or by the tires or anything hanging down like the exhaust or a brake cable.

Are there any spots on the ground telling you that you might have a leak? If so, is it antifreeze, oil or brake fluid?

What condition are your tires in? One of the things my Dad taught me was to always carry jumper cables, a tire pressure gauge and an air pump in the car. Check the air pressure and compare it to the chart usually pasted by the driver’s side door or in the cars owner’s manual. Look for cuts, bulges, threads and the tread depth or lack thereof. Make sure you have a jack and spare or emergency tire and know how to change a tire.

Also, make sure you have covers on your tire stems. Water can get into them, freeze and deflate your tires.

Next lift the hood and check all of the fluid levels including oil, brake fluid, windshield washer fluid and radiator fluid. If you have room in your car or truck carrying an extra supply of these is a good precaution.

Next start the engine and look for any signs of leaks, smoke or unusual noises. A loose fan belt will squeak, a high pitched whistle is a vacuum line and a blown exhaust system will sound like a drag racer.

With the engine running check all the gauges and look for warning lights and anything out of the ordinary. When was your last oil change, by the way?

Always keep the vehicle gas tank filled up. This is smart in any season, as if an emergency occurs and you have to move fast, whether to the Emergency Room or out of town, trying to find an open gas station at 3 AM may not be as easy as you think. Also if a disaster has struck and there is no power, gas pumps will not work.

I will note that there is an inner city counter theory which advocates keeping a bare minimum of fuel so that if your car is stolen it can’t go very far. But, I prefer the former rule rather than the latter.

In addition to being ready for an emergency trip, a full tank helps dilute deposits in the fuel tank that could clog filters and cause starting problems.

Gas mileage will normally be worse during the winter, due to warming up the car, traffic delays and poor traction.

Running the car to warm it up is popular, but, could be temptation for those wanting a “free set of wheels”. So either have a spare key and lock the car or just keep a very obvious eye out.

Have a windshield scraper and when you use it be sure to hit all of the windows and don’t just make a “port hole” to peek out of. You want and need maximum visibility.

Make sure the wipers are in good shape and you have windshield wiper fluid. Don’t turn the windshield wipers on if they are frozen to the windshields as it can destroy the blades. Wait until the glass is defrosted.

Batteries, even new ones, have a hard time in cold weather as there are extra demands on it due to running the heater, defroster and the increased use of headlights. Short trips can drain a battery as it doesn’t have sufficient time to recharge.

Finally, check all of your lights, including the turn signals, which are increasingly unused, as people seem to be adopting ESP instead.

Do You Have A “GHK” or “Get Home Kit”?

A “Get Home Kit” is a collection on items you keep in your car to help you get home in case of an emergency, remembering that emergencies, as we are increasingly seeing, come in all shapes and sizes.

The first part of the kit deals directly with the car’s health. In my experience, most car emergencies (excluding accidents) usually involve the tires, battery or cooling system. Anything beyond this, I’ll need a tow truck.

My kit contains the following:

For flats I have an air compressor, a tire repair kit, and a can of Fix-a-flat.

The compressor is handy for slow leaks, or as a temporary fix to get you to a tire shop or to a safer location. Just “pump that puppy up” and go on your way. It also cures the “my spare was flat” problem. Usually the spare hasn’t been damaged, it’s air has just leakes out over months or years.

Sometimes you can plug a puncture with a tire repair kit, so it is included. You basically ream the hole out with the tool supplied, apply a plug with epoxy, inflate the tire and drive on.

If there is a nail in the tire, I know not to pull it out & I also know that tire sidewall damage is not repairable.

Tire mechanics I am told hate Fix-A-Flat, but, since they aren’t the ones stranded on the side of the road, you are, carry a can.

For battery failure, either my own, or to help someone, I have jumper cables, and a battery terminal cleaning kit. (I have the silver one that looks like a giant suppository).

Other items include:

A Tool Kit, which includes a hammer, screw drivers and wrenches. If you can only carry one wrench, make sure it is one that will fit the battery terminals.
Flares
A reflective vest, rain poncho and cap or hat
Antifreeze, brake and transmission fluid
A charged cellphone & a power cord to recharge it.
GPS
AAA Card
Flashlight, with spare batteries
Cash in small bills. Some have a false sense of security having a hidden $100 bill. This idea is a mistake. For if you can’t usually make change for a $100 bill, you shouldn’t assume anyone else can either.

The second half of my kit is what I consider a “minimal survival kit”, which is largely based on a concept called “the 5 & 10 C’s Of Survivability”, developed by Dave Canterbury, of “The Pathfinder School” in Jackson Ohio.

The fundamental idea is that there are vital objects carried and used by explorers, pioneers and indigenous tribes, throughout history from the Ice Age to today which cannot be easily made in the field, either due to lack of resources or a requirement for specialized knowledge of how to manufacture them or specialized equipment one would normally not carry. Keeping these items on hand dramatically improves your survivability.

For example, consider a knife. How easily could you forge one in the field? Or can you make rope whenever you need it?

So with these thoughts in mind let’s detail the “C’s”, which you should have.

The 5 C’s of Survivability

COVERING

For preventing hypothermia or hyperthermia, your first line of defense is to dress appropriately for the weather expected.

In the car I have a hoodie, a rain jacket, an umbrella, a couple of fleece blankets, a tarp, which can be used as a ground cover or quickie shelter, and a Mylar “space blanket”. Cheap, scratchy wool blankets are available at Harbor Freight. Wool has the quality in that it will retain 80% of its insulative value even when wet.

Remember that you can die within three hours if you do not protect your body core temperature. And, it doesn’t need to be freezing to do so. Just get wet in 40 degree weather, and you will be in serious trouble.

CONTAINER

I carry two small water bottles and a larger one as reserve, and a metal cup to use for filtering and purifying water. I can do so by either by boiling or by treating water chemically with purification tablets.

CUTTING TOOL

From cutting boxes to working with wood & cordage a knife is indispensable.

I always carry a decent inexpensive folding knife, which since I didn’t sink a fortune into, I’m not afraid to work with it. I might be hesitant to use it if it were a higher priced one. I didn’t say abuse it, for I believe in “taking care of the equipment that will take care of you”.

I do have larger and better ones I reserve for hiking and camping.

This is not a “Tarzan” or “Rambo” knife, as the blade is only three inches long. But, that’s long enough, for you will find a larger blade is too unwieldy for fine work & carrying a 19 inch Bowie knife strapped on can make the police become just a little suspicious.

COMBUSTION

For lighting candles, pilot lights or campfires, to quote Major Mykel Hawke, author of “Hawke’s Green Beret Survival Manual”, “just carry a doggone stinkin lighter”.

Though I don’t smoke, I always carry a Zippo & Bic lighter, which I never tell folk about, as people are great to buy the “coffin nails”, but, somehow always forget that they will need a way to “blaze up”. I have found that lighters, once discovered and borrowed, except for the big bulky 10 inch ones, will be lost by the end of the day.

Why two, you may ask? Because of something called the “two is one and one is none” rule. If you have only one lighter and lose or break it, you are without options. If you have two, you have one to fall back on.

Zippos are wind proof, nearly water proof and has survived 5 wars and since Clint Eastwood used
them in Gran Torino and Dirty Harry, you know they are totally macho and cool.

The Zippo’s only fault is fuel volatility. The fuel will evaporate whether you use it or not. How quickly depends on how often it is used and ambient humidity. I find the fuel lasts usually two weeks maximum. So I am careful to keep it fueled.

The backup is the Bic, which has much longer shelf life, but, is cold sensitive and doesn’t like to get wet. Also, if stored in a pocket and something in the pocket presses the fuel lever, all your fuel will leak out without you knowing it.

It is possible to ignite a fire with an empty Bic, as I have done so, but, it is not easy.

Also, in my kit I carry a backup magnesium bar with a Ferrocerium rod and some UCO “Stormproof Matches”. They have a much larger phosphor head as a regular match. They will burn like a torch for 15 seconds and if dowsed, if quickly blown on, they will reignite.

Firecraft is more than just striking a match & you have a warm fire. It requires the correct material, in the correct order using the correct techniques. Take the time to familiarize yourself with this art.

CORDAGE

For securing items & strengthening items, carry paracord, rope, twine, etc. This helps facilitate building shelters & securing cargo and equipment. 550 and 1100 paracord is the recommended standard.

The other 5 C’s of Survivability

These are the modern items to enhance survivability, and include:

CANDELING

Carry a good flashlight or two, along with extra batteries. This includes a LED headlamp for hands free operation.

COTTON BANDANA

Any cotton material, 3×3 feet, can be used for a head cover, cleaning, filtering water, or used as a bandage or a sling. A thin cotton shemagh is surprisingly warm. Just try not to look like a terrorist if you use one.

COMPASS

Carry a good quality compass for navigation and learn how to use it. Remember that a GPS can have battery failure, have “rain outages” and that the satellites, which are constantly shuffling around in a low Earth orbit, can travel out of range. However a compass is a reliable tool.

In choosing a compass, look at several and test them. If they won’t quickly and correctly point to North in Walmart, they won’t work in the field either.

Use the compass as your primary navigation tool, backed up by the GPS.

Google maps and other apps usually die as soon as the cell signal is lost, and definitely if the battery dies and IPhone compasses can be wildly inaccurate.

Also, learn the forgotten art of how to use a map.

CARGO TAPE

Also known as Duct tape, it can be used for repairs, making things, bandaging things and thousands of other uses. It can be used as a very short term candle and the adhesive is antiseptic.

CANVAS NEEDLE

While it is suggested that you carry a heavy duty canvas needle for repairs, sewing, and other uses, I carry a miniature sewing kit, with a variety of needles, for sewing clothing or if I had to, for sewing ME.

To these 10 C’s I would add:

COMMUNICATIONS & SIGNALLING

Carry and keep a charged handie-talkie & cellphone. Also, have a way to signal rescuers, audibly and visually. My kit includes a 130 decibel Storm World Whistle and a signal mirror.

With cellphones if you seem to have no signal or connectivity, try texting, for low these low bandwidth signals often can worm their way through crowded circuits while voice communications is impossible.

Have a 2 meter rig in your car. I also have a CB in the SUV.

A whistle has a much greater range than a human voice, and it is said that a signal mirror is credited with 80% of rescues in wilderness search and rescue scenarios.

A few other items I’ll throw in are a small first aid kit, an extra pair of glasses, small binoculars, sun glasses and a backpack to carry this all in should I have to hike home.

This may sound like a lot, but it actually can fit in a small box.

This covers everything from mechanical breakdowns to having “hole up” in or near your car, or having to abandon the car and hike into your neighborhood, even should the roads become impassable, or landmarks left unrecognizable by a disaster.

Remembering that we spend over a third of our lives AWAY from home, this idea is a practical one.

Finally, my preparedness philosophy is as follows: I believe that we should be a like Noah, (especially since we work for NOAA), and, be in a state of preparedness. But, then after having prepared, we should go about our lives, have some fun and live life. Not being nutty or weird, but just knowledgeable and prepared.

We can’t prevent disasters from happening. But, we can help reduce the impact they have on our little corner of the world.

“A prudent man foresees the difficulties ahead and prepares for them;
the simpleton goes blindly on and suffers the consequences.” – Proverbs 22:3

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Mark’s Almanac

January is named for the Roman god Janus, the god of gates and doors, and so openings and beginnings.

January receives more sunlight than December, but the equilibrium between incoming solar heat and the heat radiated into space by the northern snowfields does not peak until late January and early February, six weeks after winter solstice. So the weather continues to cool, with January 8 – 20 being the coldest part of the year.

Typically in January there is a 53% chance of up to one inch of snow & a 25% chance of over one inch of snow.

With the exception of the southern tip of Nova Scotia, all of Canada and roughly one half of the Continental US, or “CONUS”, are now covered with snow. Canada’s Hudson’s Bay is frozen, as is the ocean water between Baffin Island and Greenland.
http://www.natice.noaa.gov/pub/ims/ims_gif/DATA/cursnow_usa.gif

Birmingham January climatology per Intellicast is monthly rainfall 5.45” inches and snowfall 0.7”. Average high temperature is 53 degrees and the average low 32 degrees. Record high of 81 degrees occurred in 1941 and a record low of -6 degrees in 1985.

Barometric pressure is highest in January.

Days grow longer as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily increases from 33.5 degrees at the beginning of the month to 39.2 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight increases from 9 hours 59 minutes on January 1 to 10 hours 33 minutes on January 31.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

January 1 Sunrise 6:52 AM Sunset 4:50 PM
January 15 Sunrise 6:51 AM Sunset 5:02 PM
January 31 Sunrise 6:44 AM Sunset 5:17 PM

Looking skyward, Mercury, magnitude –0.4, is getting lower in the dawn. Look for it just above the southeast horizon about 40 minutes before sunrise. It’s lower left of brighter Jupiter, which in turn is lower left of even brighter Venus. Mercury and Jupiter move farther apart every day.

Mercury will sink below the horizon by mid-month and will reach Aphelion or his farthest distance from the Sun of 43,689,000 miles on January 12.

He will pass behind the Sun on January 29.

Brilliant Venus, magnitude –4.7, in Virgo, rises as an eerie “UFO” above the east-southeast horizon more than two hours before the first light of dawn. By the time dawn arrives, Venus is the brilliant “Morning Star” dominating the southeast. In a telescope, Venus is almost half sunlit.

The planet Venus reaches greatest eastern elongation of 47 degrees from the Sun. This is the best time to view Venus since it will be at its highest point above the horizon in the morning sky. Look for the bright planet in the eastern sky before sunrise.

How long can you track Venus in the morning sky into the day?

A conjunction, or close approach of Venus and Jupiter will be visible on January 22. The two bright planets will be visible within 2.4 degrees of each other in the early morning sky. Look for this impressive sight in the east just before sunrise.

Venus will pass exceedingly close, within 0.1 degrees, South of the Moon on January 31.

Earth, magnitude -4.0, in Sagittarius, as viewed from the Sun, will be at her closest approach to the Sun, or Perihelion at 11:19 PM CST on January 2. The distance from the Sun’s center to Earth’s center will be 91,403,554 miles.

Mars, magnitude +0.4, in Pisces, shines highest in the south in late twilight and sets by 11 or so. In a telescope he is a small gibbous disk.

Jupiter, magnitude –1.8, in Ophiuchus, shines in the east during dawn, lower left of brighter Venus.
Look for Mercury down to Jupiter’s lower left. Look closer to Jupiter’s lower right for orange Antares.

Saturn is hidden behind the glare of the Sun and will pass behind the Sun on January 1.

Uranus, magnitude 5.8, at the Aries-Pisces border, is highest in the south shortly after dark.

Neptune, magnitude 7.9, in Aquarius, is lower in the southwest right after dark.

Ultima Thule is a distant object in Sagittarius, 1 billion miles past Pluto, which was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2014.

NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, which passed Jupiter in 2007 and Pluto in 2015, will perform a historic flyby of Ultima Thule on New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day — the farthest planetary flyby in human history.

New Horizons will reach the Ultima Thule at 11:33 PM CST on December 31, passing within 2175 miles of the mysterious object, which is roughly 1⁄60 the diameter of Pluto and 6 light hours from Earth.

At 10:30 AM CST, January 1, NASA will hold a press briefing to show off whatever images and information the spacecraft has managed to send back of the irregularly shaped object.

The Quadrantid Meteor Shower will occur January 3 & 4. This is an above average shower producing
between 40 to 100 meteors per hour radiating from the constellation Bootes, in the area near the end of the handle of the Big Dipper and the head of Draco the Dragon.

This shower is a quirky shower in that its particle stream is very narrow. Therefore, the peak time is only a couple of hours, and that peak varies each year. According the International Meteor Association the peak will occur at 8PM CDT on January 3, which will put the stream close to the, if not below the northeast horizon. But, as will all things astronomical, the timing may slip, so one should keep looking through the night, and even if the radiant point is below the horizon, they will still be zipping overhead and will appear longer.

The moon will be a thin crescent and should not interfere with what could be a good show this year.

This shower is believed to be produced by dust grains from burnt out comet 2003 EH1, which may also be the remainder of comet c/1490 Y1, which was lost to history after a prominent meteor shower
was observed in 1490, possibly due to the breakup of the comet.

The Quadrantid meteors take their name from an obsolete constellation, Quadrans Muralis, found in early 19th-century star atlases between Draco, Hercules, and Bootes.

In the 1800’s astronomers were naming and renaming constellations, often “stealing stars” from existing constellations, and naming them for whatever, or whoever suited them. Quadrans Muralis was removed, along with a few other constellations, from crowded sky maps in 1922 when the International Astronomical Union adopted the modern list of 88 officially-recognized constellations.

The Quadrantids Shower, were “re-zoned” to Bootes after Quadrans Muralis disappeared, but kept their name possibly because another shower was already widely-known to meteor watchers as the “Bootids”, which peaks in June.

New Moon will occur January 5 at 7:28 CST or 1:28 UTC January 6. The Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

There will be a Partial Solar Eclipse on January 6. A partial solar eclipse occurs when the Moon covers only a part of the Sun, sometimes resembling a bite taken out of a cookie. A partial solar eclipse can only be safely observed with a special solar filter or by looking at the Sun’s reflection. The partial eclipse will be visible in parts of eastern Asia and the northern Pacific Ocean. It will be best seen from northeastern Russia with 62% coverage.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on January 8, when she will be 252349 miles from Earth.

January’s Full Moon is “Wolf Moon” in Native American folklore. Coincidentally, January was called “Wulf-Monath” or “Wolf Month” by the Saxons. So called because this full Moon appeared when wolves howled in hunger outside the villages. It has also been called “Old Moon” and “Moon After Yule”.

Full Moon will occur Sunday January 20, 11:16 PM CST or 5:16 UTC January 21.

This is the first of three Supermoons for 2019. The Moon will be at its closest approach to the Earth and may look slightly larger and brighter than usual.

A Total Lunar Eclipse, an eclipse occurring when the Moon passes completely through the Earth’s dark shadow or umbra will occur during this Supermoon on January 20 CST. The Moon will gradually get darker and then take on a rusty or blood red color. The eclipse will be visible throughout most of North America, South America, the eastern Pacific Ocean, western Atlantic Ocean, extreme western Europe, and extreme western Africa.

Timing for Birmingham is as follows:

Penumbral Eclipse begins at 8:36:29 PM January 20
Partial Eclipse begins at 9:33:54 PM January 20
Total Full Eclipse begins at 10:41:17 PM January 20
Maximum Eclipse at 11:12:14 PM January 20
Total Eclipse ends at 11:43:15 PM January 20
Partial Eclipse ends at 12:50:39 PM January 21
Penumbral Eclipse ends at 1:48:02 PM January 21

The total duration of the eclipse is 5 hours, 12 minutes.
The total duration of the partial phases is 2 hours, 15 minutes.
The duration of the full eclipse is 1 hour, 2 minutes.

I expect social media to go into overdrive about the Wolf/Blood/Supermoon and all of its dire prophetic implications.

The Lunar magnitude will drop from -12.6 pre eclipse to 1.195 at totality or maximum eclipse.

At 7:58 AM January 21 the Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth, when she will be 222,044 miles from Earth.

3869 planets have been confirmed beyond our star system as of December 13, 2018, per NASA’s
Exoplanet Archive http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/

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This month’s meeting will be on January 8 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

If for some reason you cannot attend the meeting in person, you can still participate via telephone. The teleconference number is 1-877-951-0997 & and the participant code is 741083.
Hope to see you there!
Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter

wd4nyl@bellsouth.net

www.freewebs.com/weatherlynx/

Mark’s Weatherlynx
Weather Resource Database