Hi everyone & Happy New Year!

I hope you had a safe and happy holiday season, and that Santa was good to you and that Father Time will be kind to you also.

As we unwind from the hustle and bustle of the holiday season, make sure to mark January 13 on your calendar, as that is our next ALERT meeting.

Some other important dates to remember in 2026 are:

The Blount County Freezefest 2026, Saturday January 3, from 8 to 12 Noon, at the Locust Fork High School, in Locust Fork.

For more information got to: https://w4blt.org/freezefest2026.htm

Winter Field Day will be held January 24 & 25.

For more information go to Home – WFDA (winterfieldday.org)

Winter Field Day and its spring counterpart, Field Day are one of the most valuable events that ham radio operators can participate in, for it helps give actual experience in portable operations from a remote site, or can be done in a simulated “grid down” situation, where hams erect their antennas and power their equipment as in an actual post-disaster scenario. Whether it’s a club or group, providing their own generator and food, or an individual setting up and using his own equipment using alternate power sources, this and Parks On The Air – POTA activations can provide valuable hands own experience and operating experience that someday could prove vital in during an actual emergency.

Oh, and did I mention that it’s a fun event? It is.

The Birmingham Hamfest is only a few weeks away, Friday and Saturday, March 6 & 7, at the Trussville Civic Center. There will be vendors, a flea market, forums, including one by ALERT and ARES, and Amateur Radio Examinations.

For more information go to: http://birminghamfest.org/

Hope you can attend!

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

60 Meter Band Expansion

Amateurs holding a General Class or higher license have, since 2012, had access to the following five channels in the 60 Meter band, using CW, USB and Digital modes, with a 100 Watt Effective Radiated Power limit:
Channel 1: 5330.5 kHz
Channel 2: 5346.5 kHz
Channel 3: 5357.0 kHz
Channel 4: 5371.5 kHz
Channel 5: 5403.5 kHz

On December 9, 2025, the FCC released Report and Order 25-60 which amends Parts 2 and 97 of the Commission’s Rules to implement the decisions of the World Radiocommunication Conference held in Geneva in 2015 (WRC-15). R&O 25-50 addresses the amateur radio service in the 5351.5 – 5366.5 kHz 60 Meter band.

The FCC is expanding the 60 Meter band, adding a 15 kHz non-channelized segment from 5351 to 5366.5 kHz, with a 9.15 Watt Effective Radiated Power limit. This new segment aligns with similar allocations used in many Region 2 (European & African) countries, and improves interoperability, as well as giving more elbow room on the band.

The current four channels located outside this 15 kHz section will continue to exist, and continue with their current 100 Watt power levels.

Channel 3 – 5357.0 kHz, which has become the default 60 Meter digital frequency, will be absorbed into the new band, and those using Channel 3’s frequency will have to reduce their power levels from 100 Watts to 9.15 Watts.

This raises the question, will digital users stay on the old Channel 3 frequency, or migrate to the remaining four channels to take advantage of the higher power limits?

Also, for those who, like I, use older radios, such as Yaesu FT-450 & FT-817, it should be remembered that though they have 60 Meters built in as memory channels, older pre 2012 models have 5368 kHz as Channel 3, not the current Channel 3 frequency – 5357 kHz.

In March 2012, the FCC per the ARRL recommendation, changed Channel 3 from 5368 kHz to 5357 kHz citing it’s being “heavily used by one of the primary users.” The old Channel 3 frequency is and will continue to be “out of band” and should never be used.

The power limitations are due to the fact that 60 Meters is allocated on a secondary basis, and must not interfere with their primary users. The FCC notes that “the amateur community must protect Federal operations in this band….and we do not believe that the increased potential for harmful interference at this power limit has been fully considered at this time.”

An additional 15 kHz may not sound like much, but it is room for an additional 5 concurrent USB QSOs, in addition to those on the four remaining channels and many CW QSOs seeing, as evidenced in any CW contest, that CW signals can overlap each other and still be usable. Something voice signals cannot do.

These changes will go into effect 30 days after publication in the Federal Register.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Ham Radio Contests For 2026

Ham radio is a broad hobby with activities to suit a wide variety of tastes.

Some like long, sometimes very long contacts, or as some say “contacts of substance”. Delving deep into their lives, interests and symptoms, or as someone said recently “give an organ recital”.

Some have a preferred group they talk to day after day, week after week, year after year – those “put the radio on the frequency, solder the shaft and break off the knob” groups, which is fine.

Some like SKYWARN, National Traffic System Nets and nets in general, which certainly includes me.

Some prefer brief contacts, as some call “hit and run” or “signal report, 73 and gone” contacts. Which include DXers, POTA and Contesters.

DX and POTA contacts can be short, or the operators may take time to actually talk to you. Contesters, on the other hand, due to the nature of the event, make boom and zoom flash contacts.

I enjoy POTA and find it is valuable in that: 1. It’s fun, and has revitalized ham radio and 2. It can be thought of as a mini-Field Day. If one can set up an effective station in a state park or the middle of nowhere, which hundreds are doing, they can do the same in a disaster zone. And, they are trained and “practiced up” by doing this on a regular basis.

As for contests, though my station is a chihuahua among the big dogs, I enjoy giving them a try. During contests will find stations that you may never hear otherwise, especially rare DX stations just sitting there wanting to talk to you and there are so many that they are there just grapes for the picking.

Besides being fun and stoking my ego, since you always will get a perfect signal report in a contest, whether they can barely hear you or not, they help me evaluate my station’s effectiveness by having dozens of contacts to compare, as opposed to a single occasional contact. I get a better idea of the antenna pattern, signal reach, and my operating prowess or lack thereof.

Plus, like POTA, they are fun.

So, why not give your contest muscles a try?

The following list is by no means a complete list. For an in-depth list of the various contests, go to the WA7BNM Contest Calendar WA7BNM Contest Calendar: Home and Contest Calendar (arrl.org)

Some of the contests I have listed are marked as “tentative” as the 2026 dates had not been updated on the contests websites I browsed when I wrote this article. Also, some dates which were confirmed looked a little funky.

Note that the dates are for the beginning of the contest, not the duration and that they are UTC based. A contest listed as beginning at 00:00 UTC Saturday will begin at 6:00 PM CST Friday by our time. Check the above websites for times, dates, and contests exchanges, which vary with each contest. Some are simple, such as the standard fake signal report and location and others want so much goop that it might as well be a novel.

Here are a few hints concerning ham contests.

1. Contest stations will often appear on the bands days before the event, working stations as they set up, test and troubleshoot their equipment. You may find some interesting DX contacts even though you have no interest in contesting.
2. With CW contests the guys you hear rattling off at 85 WPM are using computers for transmit and receive. If you listen and listen and listen you will figure out their callsign. Give them a call! They will usually slow down to your speed and if not the signal report will usually be “599” anyway and maybe a number, which may be their CQ Zone, ITU Zone, or QSO number. Each contest has a certain exchange. You can either go to the WA7BNM website given above or figure it out by listening to a few exchanges.
3. When there is a heaping helping of humanity dashing and dotting or talking over each other in an unrecognizable mess, try moving up the band and you will usually find stations who have moved there to escape from the melee looking for contacts. And with CW contests often they are sending at more manageable speed
4. Just because a station has a weak signal, don’t assume they won’t hear you.
5. Just because a station is blasting the band, don’t assume they will hear you.
6. If you call a station and they, as someone put it, “just start “’CQing right in your face’” as you are sending or transmitting, don’t take it personally. At the moment they are not hearing you, but if you keep on trying the conditions may change in your favor. Or they may work you to get rid of you. Either way, you nabbed them.
7. Sometimes if you transmit a little higher in frequency than in pileup or a little slower you will stand out from the crowd.
8. If you loath contests, remember the 60, 30, 17 and 12 Meter bands are always contest free, and if a band is “eaten up” by a CW contest, for instance, the phone section is usually contest free and vice versa.

The following is a list of major contests in 2026 and the State and Province QSO parties. The QSO parties are useful for snagging those pesky states you need for working all states or provinces.

Mark’s 2026 Contest Calendar

January 1 Straight Key Night
January 3 ARRL Kids Day
January 10 North American QSO Party – CW
January 17 North American QSO Party – SSB
ARRL VHF Contest
Hungarian DX
POTA Support Your Parks
January 23 CQ 160 Meter – CW
January 24 Winter Field Day
January 25 Australia Day
January 31 UBA DX Contest – SSB – Belgium

February 1 North American Sideband Sprint
February 7 10-10 International – Winter – USB
European Union DX Contest
British Columbia QSO Party
Minnesota QSO Party
Vermont QSO Party
February 8 North American Sprint – CW
February 9 ARRL School Roundup
February 14 Asia-Pacific Sprint – CW
Dutch PACC Contest
February 21 ARRL International DX – CW
South Carolina QSO Party
February 22 World Wide Argentine DX Contest
February 27 CQ 160 Meter Contest – LSB
February 28 UBA DX Contest – CW – Belgium

March 1 Nova Scotia NSARA QSO Party
North Carolina QSO Party
March 7 ARRL International DX – SSB
March 14 Commonwealth Contest RSGB
South American 10 Meter Contest
Idaho QSO Party
Stew Perry Top Band – CW
` Oklahoma QSO Party
March 15 Wisconsin QSO Party
March 21 Virgina QSO Party
Russian DX Contest
March 27 Sasquatch Stomp – CW see: Sasquatch Stomp
March 28 CQ Worldwide WPX Contest – SSB
Africa All Mode International DX Contest

April 4 Louisiana QSO Party
April 11 Georgia QSO Party
New Mexico
JIDX Contest – Japan – CW

April 18 POTA Support Your Parks
Worked All Provinces of China DX Contest
Michigan QSO Party
Ontario QSO Party
Worldwide Holyland Contest
April 19 Quebec QSO Party
April 25 Florida OSO Party
Helvetia Contest
UK/EI DX Contest – CW

May 2 10-10 International – Spring – CW
7th Call Area QSO Party
New England QSO Party
Indiana QSO Party
Delaware QSO Party
ARI International – Italy
May 9 Canadian Prairies QSO Party – Probable
CQ-M International DX – Russia
50 MHz Sprint – Probable
May 16 Arkansas QSO Party
His Majesty King Of Spain – CW
May 30 CQ WW WPX – CW
May 31 Russian WW Multimode

June 6 Atlantic Canada QSO Party
Kentucky QSO Party
VK Shires Contest
IARU Region 1 Field Day – CW
RSGB Field Day – CW
June 13 Asia-Pacific Sprint – SSB
ARRL June VHF Contest
Portugal Day
June 20 SMIRK Contest (6 Meters)
ALL Asia DX Contest – CW
ARRL Kids Day
West Virgina QSO Party
Stew Perry Top Band – CW
June 27 ARRL Field Day
His Majesty King Of Spain

July 1 RAC Canada Day (Wednesday)
July 4 Venezuelan Independence
CQ Worldwide VHF SSB/CW
July 11 IARU HF Worldwide SSB/CW
July 18 POTA Support Your Parks (Tentative)
July 25 Alabama QSO Party (Tentative)
RSGB IOTA Contest CW & SSB
MARAC County Hunters Contest (tentative)

August 1 10-10 International – Summer – USB
European Only HF Championship – SSB/CW
ARRL 222 & Up Contest
North American QSO Party – CW
August 2 SARL SSB
August 8 Maryland-DC QSO Party
Kentucky State Parks On The Air
WAE DX CW
50 MHz Fall Sprint (tentative)
August 15 North American QSO Party – SSB
Russian District Award (tentative)
CVA DX – Brazil CW
Keyman’s Of Japan
August 22 Hawaii OSO Party
Ohio QSO Party
ARSI VUDX Contest – India (tentative)
CVA DX – Brazil SSB
YO DX HF – SSB & CW
Turkey HF SSB (tentative)
August 23 SARL CW
August 29 W/VE Island QSO Party
Kansas QSO Party
ALARA Contest – Australia/New Zealand – SSB/CW

September 5 Colorado QSO Party
All Asia DX Contest – SSB
IARU Region 1 Field Day – SSB
Ohio State POTA (tentative)
September 6 Tennessee QSO Party
September 12 ARRL September VHF Contest
WAE DX SSB
September 13 North American Sprint – CW
September 19 Washington State Salmon Run
New Hampshire QSO Party
New Jersey QSO Party
Texas QSO Party
Iowa QSO Party
Wisconsin POTA
Scandinavia Activity – CW
September 21 144 MHz Fall Sprint (tentative)
September 26 Maine QSO Party
September 20 222 MHz Fall Sprint (tentative)

October 3 California QSO Party
Oceania DX – Phone
Worked All Provinces China DX – CW
TRC DX Contest
October 10 10-10 International 10-10 Sprint
432 MHz Fall Sprint ?????
Arizona QSO Party
South Dakota QSO Party
Nevada QSO Party
Oceania DX – CW
Pennsylvania QSO Party
Scandinavian Activity – SSB
SKCC Sprintathon – RST
October 17 10-10 International – CW
New York QSO Party
Worked All Germany
POTA Support Your Parks
Stew Perry Top Band – CW
October 18 Asia Pacific Sprint – CW
October 24 CQ Worldwide – SSB
902 MHz and up – tentative

November 1 North American SSB Sprint
UK/EI DX Contest SSB
November 7 ARRL Sweepstakes – CW
November 14 JIDX Contest – Japan – SSB
Ham Spirit Contest
November 21 South American Integration Contest – CW
ARRL Sweepstakes – SSB
LZ DX – CW – Bulgaria
November 22 North American Sideband Sprint
November 28 CQ Worldwide – CW

December 4 ARRL 160 Meter Contest – CW
Skywarn Appreciation Day
December 12 ARRL 10 Meter Contest
December 19 Croatian DX
December 20 RAC Winter Contest
ARRL Rookie Roundup
December 26 Stew Perry Top Band – CW

Weekly Contests

One weekly contest of note for slow speed CW operators is the CWops Weekly Contest. See: K1USN SST

Normal Date and Times:

Friday 2 – 3 PM CST or 20:00 – 21:00 UTC
Sunday 5 – 6 PM Sunday or 00:00 – 01:00 UTC which is Monday in UTC

Suggested operating frequencies:

160 meters 1.810 – 1.825 MHz
80 meters 3.528 – 3.545 MHz
40 meters 7.028 – 7.045 MHz
20 meters 14.028 – 14.045 MHz
15 meters 21.028 – 21.045 MHz
10 meters 28.028 – 28.045 MHz
Listen for “CQ SST” at 20 WPM or slower.

Recommended Exchange: Name & State

For a faster speed of 20 – 25 WPM try the ICWC Medium Speed Test. See: MST Contest – International CW Council

Normal Date and Times:

Monday 7- 8 AM CST or 13:00 – 14:00 UTC and 1 – 2 PM CST or 19:00 – 20:00 UTC
Tuesday 9 – 10 AM CST or 03:00 – 04:00 UTC

Suggested operating frequencies:

160 meters 1.812 – 1.828 MHz
80 meters 3.528 – 3.550 MHz
40 meters 7.015 – 7.029 MHz in IARU region 3 (South & East Asia, Pacific)
7.025 – 7.040 MHz in IARU region 1 (Europe, Africa, Middle East, North Asia)
7.028 – 7.050 MHz in IARU region 2 (The Americas)
20 meters 14.028 – 14.050 MHz
15 meters 21.028 – 21.050 MHz
10 meters 28.028 – 28.050 MHz

Listen for “CQ MST” at 20 – 25 WPM.

Recommended exchange: RST & QSO Serial number.

For even faster speeds there are the CWops Speed Tests or CWT which range from 32 to over 40 WPM, which is out of my league. For more information see: CWops Tests (CWT) – CWops

Normal Dates and Times:

Wednesday 7 – 8 AM CST or 13:00 – 14:00 UTC and 1 – 2 PM CST or 19:00 – 20:00 UTC
Thursday 9 – 10 PM CST or 03:00 – 04:00 UTC and 1 – 2 AM CST or 07:00 – 08:00 UTC.

Suggested Frequencies are 28 – 45 kHz from the lower band edge of 160, 80, 40, 20, 15 & 10 Meters.

Listen for “CQ CWT” at 32 WPM and above.

Recommended exchange: Name and CWops member number. Non-members will send their name, and state.

State & Province QSO Parties

Alabama Alabama QSO Party July 25 2026 (tentative)
Alaska (None – just pray a lot) X
Alberta Canadian Prairies QSO Party May 9 2026
Arizona 7th Call Area QSO Party May 2, 2026
Arizona QSO Party Oct 10, 2026
Arkansas Arkansas QSO Party May 16, 2026
British Columbia British Columbia QSO Party Feb 7 2026
California California QSO Party Oct 3, 2026
Colorado Colorado QSO Party Sep 5, 2026
Connecticut New England QSO Party May 2, 2026
Delaware Delaware QSO Party May 2, 2026
Florida Florida QSO Party Apr 25 2026
Georgia Georgia QSO Party Apr 11 2026
Hawaii Hawaii QSO Party Aug 22, 2026
Idaho Idaho QSO Party Mar 14 2026
7th Call Area QSO Party May 2, 2026
Illinois Illinois QSO Party Oct 18, 2026
Indiana Indiana QSO Party May 2, 2026
Iowa Iowa QSO Party Sep 19, 2026
Kansas Kansas QSO Party Aug 29, 2026
Kentucky Kentucky QSO Party Jun 6, 2026
Louisiana Louisiana QSO Party Apr 4 2026
Maine New England QSO Party May 2, 2026
Maine QSO Party Sep 26, 2026
Manitoba Canadian Prairies QSO Party May 9 2026
Maryland Maryland-DC QSO Party Aug 8, 2026
Massachusetts New England QSO Party May 2, 2026
Michigan Michigan QSO Party Apr 18 2026
Minnesota Minnesota QSO Party Feb 7 2026
Mississippi Mississippi QSO Party Apr 4 2026
Missouri Missouri QSO Party Apr 4 2026
Montana 7th Call Area QSO Party May 2 2026
Nebraska Nebraska QSO Party Apr 25 2026 (tentative)
Nevada Nevada QSO Party Oct 10, 2026
7th Call Area QSO Party May 2, 2026
New Brunswick Atlantic Canada QSO Party June 6, 2026
New Hampshire New England QSO Party May 2, 2026
New Hampshire QSO Party Sep 19, 2026
New Jersey New Jersey QSO Party Sep 19, 2026
New Mexico New Mexico QSO Party Apr 11 2026
New York New York QSO Party Oct 17, 2026
Newfoundland Atlantic Canada QSO Party June 6, 2026
North Carolina North Carolina QSO Party Feb 22 2026
North Dakota North Dakota QSO Party Apr 11 2026
Nova Scotia NSARA Contest Mar 1 2026
Atlantic Canada QSO Party June 6, 2026
Ohio Ohio QSO Party Aug 22, 2026
Oklahoma Oklahoma QSO Party Mar 14 2026
Ontario Ontario QSO Party Apr 18 2026
Oregon 7th Call Area QSO Party May 2 2026
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania QSO Party Oct 10, 2026
Prince Edward Is Atlantic Canada QSO Party June 6, 2026
Quebec Quebec QSO Party Apr 19 2026
Rhode Island New England QSO Party May 2 2026
Saskatchewan Canadian Prairies QSO Party May 9 2026
South Carolina South Carolina QSO Party Feb 23 2026
South Dakota South Dakota QSO Party Oct 10, 2026
Tennessee Tennessee QSO Party Sep 6, 2026
Texas Texas QSO Party Sep 19, 2026
Utah 7th Call Area QSO Party May 2 2026
Vermont New England QSO Party May 2 2026
Vermont QSO Party Feb 7 2026
Virginia Virginia QSO Party Mar 21 2026
Washington Washington State Salmon Run Sep 19, 2026
7th Call Area QSO Party May 2 2026
West Virginia West Virginia QSO Party Jun 20, 2026
Wisconsin Wisconsin QSO Party Mar 15 2026
Wyoming 7th Call Area QSO Party May 2 2026

Give these a try! You never know what rarity will fire up on contest days and never to be heard anytime else!

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Mark’s Almanac

January is named for the Roman god Janus, the god of gates and doors, and so openings and beginnings.

January receives more sunlight than December, but the equilibrium between incoming solar heat and the heat radiated into space by the northern snowfields does not peak until late January and early February, six weeks after winter solstice. So, the weather continues to cool, with January 8 – 20 being the coldest part of the year.

Typically, in January there is a 53% chance of up to one inch of snow and a 25% chance of over one inch of snow.

The southern tip of Nova Scotia, all of Canada and roughly one half of the Continental US, or “CONUS”, are usually covered with snow. Canada’s Hudson’s Bay is frozen, as is the ocean water between Baffin Island and Greenland.

Current Snow Depth

Barometric pressure is highest in January.

Though the Atlantic Hurricane Season officially ended November 30, every now and then Mother Nature will give us a surprise as there have been 5 tropical storms and 3 Category 1 hurricanes from 1851 to 2025. This includes an unnamed hurricane in 1938 in the Eastern Atlantic & Hurricane Alex which in 2016 effected Bermuda and the Azores and a subtropical storm that briefly spun up on January 16, 2023

Birmingham January climatology per Intellicast is monthly rainfall 5.45” inches and snowfall 0.7”. Average high temperature is 53 degrees and the average low 32 degrees. Record high of 81 degrees occurred in 1941 and a record low of -6 degrees in 1985.
Barometric pressure is highest in January.

Days grow longer as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily increases from 33.5 degrees at the beginning of the month to 39.2 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight increases from 9 hours 59 minutes on January 1 to 10 hours 34 minutes on January 31.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham per the US Naval Observatory are:

January 1 Sunrise 6:52 AM Sunset 4:50 PM
January 15 Sunrise 6:51 AM Sunset 5:02 PM
January 31 Sunrise 6:44 AM Sunset 5:18 PM

Looking skyward, at the beginning of the month, the Sun, magnitude -26.8 is in Sagittarius, the Archer
Mercury, magnitude -1.4, in Sagittarius, The Archer, is lost in the glow of the Sun.

He will reach his farthest point from the Sun, or Aphelion, on January 6, and will pass behind the Sun, or be in Superior Conjunction on January 21.

Venus, magnitude –3.9, in Sagittarius, The Archer, is lost in the glow of the Sun.

She will pass behind the Sun, or be in Superior Conjunction January 6, and reach her farthest point from the Sun, or Aphelion, on January 22.

Earth and her Moon, magnitude -4.0, as viewed from the Sun, is in Gemini, The Twins.
Earth will reach her closest distance to the Sun, or Perihelion on January 3, at 11:16AM CST, when the planet will be 91,405,993 miles from the Sun.

Mars, with his moons Phobos and Deimos, magnitude +1.1, in Sagittarius, The Archer, is lost in the glow of the Sun.

He will pass behind the Sun or be in Solar Conjunction on January 9.

Dwarf Planet Ceres, magnitude +8.7, is in Cetus, The Sea Monster.

Jupiter, his 97 moons and (invisible from Earth) ring, magnitude -2.7, in Gemini, The Twins, is a late evening and early morning object.

At the beginning of the month, he will become accessible around 6:14 PM CST, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 12:34 AM CST, 78° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:32 AM CST, 12° above the western horizon.

Jupiter will be directly opposite the Sun, or be in Opposition on January 10.

By midmonth he becomes accessible around 5:18 PM CST, 10° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 11:27 PM CST, 78° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 5:48 AM CST, when he sinks below 7° above the western horizon.

By the end of the month, he will become accessible around 5:32 PM CST, 27° above your eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 10:15 PM CST, 79° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 4:37 AM CST, when it sinks below 7° above the western horizon.

Saturn, his 274 moons and extensive debris ring system, magnitude +1.0, is in Aquarius, The Water Bearer, is an early evening object descending into twilight.

At the first of the month, he visible around 5:26 PM CST, 51° above the southern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting at 10:41 PM CST.

By midmonth he will become visible around 5:38 PM CST, 46° above the south-western horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting at 9:51 PM CST.

At months end he becomes visible around 5:52 PM CST, 35° above the south-western horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting 3 hours and 39 minutes after the Sun at 8:55 PM CST.

Uranus, his 29 moons and ring magnitude +5.7, in Taurus, The Bull, is an evening object.

He becomes accessible with binoculars around 5:53 PM CST, 50° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 8:41 PM CST, 75° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 1:48 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he will become accessible around 6:04 PM CST, 63° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 7:45 PM CST, 75° above your southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 12:52 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

At month’s end he becomes accessible around 6:17 PM CST, 74° above the southern-eastern horizon, as dusk fades into darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 6:41 PM CST, 75° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 11:48 PM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Neptune, his 16 moons and ring, magnitude 7.8, in Pisces, The Fish, is an early evening object.

At the first of the month, he becomes accessible via binoculars and telescopes around 5:53 PM CST, 52° above the southern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting at 10:58 PM CST.

At midmonth he will become accessible around 6:04 PM CST, 45° above the south-western horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting at 10:04 PM CST.

At the end of the month, he becomes accessible 6:17 PM CST, 32° above the south-western horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. It will then sink towards the horizon, setting 3 hours and 47 minutes after the Sun at 9:03 PM CST.

Pluto, the largest Dwarf Planet, with his five moons shines at a dim 14.6 in Capricornus, The Sea Goat.

Dwarf Planet 136108 Haumea, her ring and moons Hiʻiaka and Namaka, shines at a faint magnitude of 17.3 in Bootes, The Herdsman.

Dwarf Planet 136472 Makemake with his moon S/2015 (136472) 1, nicknamed MK1 by the discovery team, shines faintly at magnitude +17.2 in Coma Berenices.

Dwarf Planet 136199 Eris, the second largest Dwarf Planet, and her moon Dysnomia, originally referred to as Xena and Gabrielle, is barely visible in the most powerful telescopes at magnitude +18.6 in Cetus the Sea Monster.

At least seven additional bodies with the preliminary criteria for identifying dwarf planets, and though not “officially” declared as such, are generally called dwarf planets by astronomers as well.

90482 Orcus, and his moon Vanth shines at magnitude 19.1 near Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

50000 Quaoar, his two rings and his moon Waywot shines at magnitude +18.6 in Orion, The Hunter.

90377 Sedna, the coldest, and at one time, the most distant known place in the Solar System, glows faintly at magnitude +20.8 in Taurus, The Bull.

25088 Gonggong, the third largest Dwarf Planet, originally nicknamed Snow White by the discovery team, and his moon Xiangli glows dimly at +21.5 magnitude in Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

2014 UZ224 nicknamed “DeeDee” for “Distant Dwarf” is 8.5 billion miles from the Sun, at magnitude +23.0 in Eridanus, The River.

120347 Salacia, and her moon Actaea glows at magnitude 20.7 in Sextans, The Sextant. Salacia is considered a “borderline” Dwarf Planet. Some astronomers saying she “most certainly is a Dwarf Planet”, while others disagreeing based on her size, saying she is too small to have compressed into a fully solid body, to have been resurfaced, or to have collapsed into “hydrostatic equilibrium”, that is to assume spherical shape like a planet.
“Dwarf Planet Candidate” 2017 OF201, magnitude 23.2 is in the constellation Triangulum, the Triangle.

Currently the most distant observable known object in the Solar System, an asteroid unofficially called Asteroid 2018 AG37, and nicknamed FarFarOut, glows at a barely detectable +25.5 magnitude in Lynx.

FarFarOut is currently 12,242,460,555 miles or in Light Time, 18 hours, 15 minutes and 20 seconds from Earth.

The most distant man-made object, Voyager 1, still operating after 48 years, 3 month and 7 days is 15,834,169,309 miles, or in Light Time, 23 hours, 36 minutes 40 Seconds from Earth as of 4:59 PM CST, December 12, 2025, sailing 38,027 miles per hour through Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer.

Near Earth Object, asteroid 99942 Apophis, is expected to pass within 19,794 miles of the Earth on Friday, April 13, 2029.

Apophis, magnitude +20.5, in Sagittarius, The Archer, is 152,738,440 miles or 1214 days from the Earth as of 2:04 PM CST, December 17, 2025.

Asteroid 2024 YR4, which will pass though the Earth – Moon system on Wednesday, December 22, 2032, dimly glows at magnitude +30.4, in Virgo, The Virgin. It currently is 373,804,770 miles or 2667 days from Earth as of 2:01 PM CST December 17, 2025.

There are 1,482,181 known asteroids and 4,047 comets as of December 12, 2025, per NASA/JPL Solar Dynamics Website.

6,061 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of December 11, 2025 per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive.

The Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth on January 7, when she will be 223,910 miles from Earth.

Full Moon will occur January 3, at 4:04 AM CST or 10:04 UTC. The Moon will be located on the opposite side of the Earth as the Sun and its face will be fully illuminated.

This is also the first of three supermoons for 2026. The Moon will be near its closest approach to the Earth and may look slightly larger and brighter than usual.

January’s Full Moon is “Wolf Moon” in Native American folklore. This was also called “Wulf-Monath” or “Wolf Month” by the Saxons, because at this full Moon, packs of wolves howled in hunger outside of the villages.

It has also been called “Old Moon” and “Moon After Yule”.
During a Full Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -12.7.

The Quadrantids Meteor Shower will occur Friday & Saturday, January 3 & 4. This is an above average shower producing between 40 to 100 meteors per hour radiating from the constellation Bootes, in the area near the end of the handle of the Big Dipper and the head of Draco the Dragon.

The shower runs annually from January 1-5. It peaks this year on the night of the 3rd and morning of the 4th. Unfortunately, the full moon will obscure all but the brightest meteors this year. But if you are patient, you may still be able to catch a few of the brighter ones. Best viewing will be from a dark location after midnight. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Bootes, but can appear anywhere in the sky.
This shower favors the Northern Hemisphere because its radiant point, or the point where the meteors appear to originate in the sky, is so far north on the sky’s dome.

This shower is believed to be produced by dust grains from burnt out comet 2003 EH1, which may also be the remainder of comet c/1490 Y1, which was lost to history after a prominent meteor shower was observed in 1490, possibly due to the breakup of the comet.

Last Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Eastern side illuminated, will occur January 10, at 9:49 PM CST or 03:49 UTC, January 11.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.
The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on January 13, when she will be 251,927 miles from Earth.

New Moon occurs January 18 at 1:53 PM CST or 19:53 UTC. The Moon will on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

First Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Western side illuminated, will occur January 25 at 10:48 PM CST or 04:48 UTC, January 26.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

The Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth on January 29, when she will be 227,346 miles from Earth.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

This month’s meeting will be on January 13 at 7 PM at the National Weather Service Forecast Office at the Shelby County Airport.

I hope to see you there!

Mark Wells
Editor / ALERT Newsletter

Hi Everyone,

Welcome to the 222nd edition of the ALERT Newsletter!

The 222nd edition almost became the 000th edition as while I was typing it, the laptop went berserk and seemed to have a mind of its own. The night before I had watched an episode of 911 Nashville, where some ne’er-do-wells were hacking into the system for fun and profit. So, I switched to airplane mode, and it kept on misbehaving.

I then noticed that the sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss button was stuck, so I rebooted the computer and the sssssssssssssituation wassssss the sssssame. So, I shut it down, turned it over and gently beat the stew out of it. Then I sprayed the keyboard with a can of compressed air and froze the poor thing. I waited a day for it to defrost and dry out and gingerly rebooted it, and seeing no tendrils of smoke or any stray ssssses, here we are, back in the sssaddle again!

The other biggest news of the month is that due to the chaos which resulted from the recent budgetary jousting in Washington, NOAA has had to cancel this year’s SKYWARN Appreciation Day. They feel that the “necessary time and resources required to plan a comprehensive national event for SKYWARN Recognition Day 2025 are no longer available.”

Per the ARRL “The NWS will work with ARRL and SKYWARN spotters to brainstorm ideas to redevelop a spotter appreciation event in 2026.”

“ARRL is proud of the continued partnership with the National Weather Service to promote and recognize SKYWARN and the volunteers around the country. We look forward to working together to revitalize and promote SKYWARN Recognition Day again next year,” said Josh Johnston, KE5MHV, ARRL Director of Emergency Management.

Barring unforeseen circumstances, the next SKYWRN Appreciation Day will be held Saturday December 5, 2026.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ALERT Christmas Party!

The 2025 ALERT Christmas Party will take place on Tuesday December 9th at 7PM during our regular meeting time.

There will be food, non-alcoholic drinks, desserts, and other goodies. Come have Christmas dinner with your ALERT family!

If you plan to bring a dish, please let Johnnie know at wxjohnnie@gmail.com and tell him who you are, what you will bring (so we don’t end up with 18 fruitcakes and no beans) and how many will attend.

Hope to see you there!

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
VOACAP For Ham Radio

Amateur radio has been a fascination for me for 48 years. My ham radio story consists of many chapters, such as being involved in traffic and emergency nets, ALERT, SKYWARN, ARES or just getting on the radio and seeing who I can find and how far my modest equipment can be heard. I’m just as excited about ham radio today as I was in the beginning.

Currently, in addition to ALERT and SKYWARN, I am prowling the High Frequency bands.
Though I’m far from being a “DX Baron”, the fascination that I can talk to someone across a state, a continent or an ocean still fascinates me after all these years. Whether I am working actual “DX” or as I call it “Domestic DX”, since talking 2000 miles to Colombia and 2000 miles to Seattle is the same distance. Just one counts as “DX” and the other doesn’t.

For my purposes I use the literal definition of DX – “Distance”. How far away is the other station? For seeing how far my signal can reach, on what band, under what conditions, and with what antenna and radio is my goal.

This serves some very practical purposes. One, it is fun, two, whether HF or VHF radio, It helps keep me fresh in the usage and the nuances of the equipment and conditions, which could be vital in an emergency. For skills and knowledge are the most perishable of commodities. They tend to quietly fade away just as the charges of batteries do. When you need them, will they still be there?

One mistake many are making, is getting radios for the proverbial “SHTF”, and then neglecting getting licensed and using them regularly so they can learn what does and doesn’t work and how communicate effectively. Then a different type of “SHTF” is encountered – “Shoot, How’s This Function???” Which is not question you want to be asking when your house is now a debris field and you are in trouble. You need to learn this skill beforehand.

One radio tool I recently discovered is a VOACAP – the Voice Of America Coverage Analysis Program. VOACAP is a free professional online tool that predicts ham radio propagation from 80 to 10 Meters and down to 2.000 MHz in the Marine version at the upper edge of the 160 meter band.

The program was originally developed by the Voice of America to help with their international broadcasts, and though it bears the VOA name, it is now separate from the VOA. So, if the VOA closes its doors, the program will live on.

VOACAP provides simulated propagation conditions, factoring in the time of day, desired frequency, solar activity and distance between stations.

VOACAP comes in three versions.

The ham version covers 80 – 10 Meters, may be found at VOACAP Online for Ham Radio
The Marine version covers from 2 – 25 MHz, may be found at VOACAP Online for Marine HF
The CB Version covers from 26 – 28 MHz may be found at VOACAP Online for 11M

The program is complex, but there is a quickie method that even a dummy like me can use.

To use this program, you click on the version you wish to use and a zoomable map appears.

You set your location by zooming in on your location and positioning the red marker on the map and then zoom out.

Set the blue marker over the area you wish to contact. For example, let’s say Spain on 15 Meters.

There will be a green line connecting the two locations, which is the signal short path, and a dotted line showing the long path in the opposite direction. Also shown are the real time day/night areas of the Earth, and the gray line separating the two, which signals sometimes prefer.

To the right of the map, you can select the operating mode you intend to use, power level and the antenna.

Modes given are AM, SSB, CW and digital modes. The modes giving the best chances for a successful contact are from least to best, AM, SSB, CW and digital modes FT4, FT8 & WSPR.
Power level choices from .0 to 20,000 watts, remembering that hams are limited to 1500 watts,

I usually choose CW and 100 watts and skip the “antenna” setting and general propagation settings under “Settings”, as they are too detailed for my casual use,

By clicking Prop Charts, a pop up window appears on the left side of the screen with multicolored lines, a decibel scale to the left, a signal strength scale to the right and a timescale at the bottom. A dropdown menu will let you pick the band you want, which this example is 15 Meters.

There are four things I am looking for on this chart :

The blue line, which is “Rel” or “Circuit Reliability”.
The orange line that hints at the Maximum Useable Frequency. (The higher the line, the better).
The green line that indicates predicted signal strength.
The shaded gray area.

The gray area depicts the variation of the predicted signal strength via the short path. The upper edge hints at the strongest signal you might encounter under near perfect conditions, while the lower edge reveals the minimum signal strength you can expect under normal or average conditions.

When the gray zone widens, uncertainty creeps in. A gap or spread of 40 – 50 dB (using the scale on the left side of the chart) means VOACAP is uncertain of the propagation chances. As the gap narrows, the program’s confidence is higher. If the bottom of the gray area is also high, with a white area underneath, it indicates a strong signal should be expected.

The best chances for communications are when you see a high lower edge of the gray zone, a narrow gray zone, and high blue, orange and green lines.

As I write this it is indicating that roughly from 12:00z to 16:00z the band should be open to Spain. If the bottom of the gray area had a white area, the probability is good to very good.

A second indicator is CAP Wheel to the right, which gives a visual indication of expected propagation band by band of the entire HF ham spectrum over a 24 hour period. Click this and a bullseye chart will appear with each band. 10 Meters is on the outer circle, and then you can go inward band by band to 80 Meters on the inside circle. (For 160 Meters I use the same method with the Marine version, which goes down to just above the 160 Meter band).

This chart tells you what bands will be open, when and the percent chance. By moving the cursor to the desired band and the darkest color on the graph you will have the UT time starting on the hour, the band and your percentage. With this indicator the time is narrower than with the first method.

The third indicator is the ITUR Wheel. This is similar to the CAP Wheel, but uses predictions in accordance with ITU recommendations. Click on it and a similar bullseye appears, and you use the same method. For me this chart seems much more optimistic than the other two methods and shows that in addition to the 12:00z to 16:00z, in the wee hours of the morning 40, 60 and then 80 Meters will open to Spain from 23:00z to 10:00z.

I factor in the three methods, and mentally average them out.

That’s the quick and easy method. It is a deep, deep program in which you can change and factor in many other variables. For a deeper dive I recommend reading the online manual VOACAP_Manual.pdf

That 23:00z to 10:00z window of opportunity we predicted brings up another factor I’ll call the “human factor”.

What time of day will it be where you are and at your target location and will anyone in their right mind be up at that late at night or that early in the morning talking on the radio?

Just as 2 meters has a traffic pattern rotating around work, school and sleep, so it is true everywhere. You can’t talk to anyone if they are all asleep.

To help factor in the time I use UTC to CDT Converter – Convert Universal Time to Central Time – World Time Buddy which gives UTC time, my time and I can specify anywhere in the world and see if “yes the band is open, but only insomniacs are around” or “catch em before they go to bed!”

Other propagation programs worth exploring are:

24-hour prediction
DR2W DX Propagation
Online Rec. P.533-14 Propagation Prediction Tool

The question you may ask is does VOACAP and these other tools really work?

Well, recently they said I should be able to reach Brazil, and I worked PY4LS, 4727 miles away in Sao Paulo, Brazil and PY3PZ, 4892 miles away in Sao Gabriel, Brazil via transequatoral propagation using CW on 12 & 10 Meters. It also said I should be able to reach Japan, and I had a nice lengthy contact with JK4CHT, 6985 miles away near Osaka, via multihop reflection off the F2 layer of the ionosphere using CW on 12 Meters. That’s using 100 watts, into a vertical antenna.

So, either these programs work, or I was lucky, or a little bit of both, which is probably the case.

Try these programs out and see what you think.

Happy DX!

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Mark’s Almanac

December was the tenth Roman Month, from whence it gets its name, “decem” meaning “ten”. Among many Native American tribes it was called “the Moon of Clacking Rocks”, as it was the time when they prepared and manufactured stone tools, implements and weapons, since the growing season was over, and bad weather prevented them from hunting.

December is the cloudiest month of the year, with only 40 to 60% of possible sunshine poking through the clouds. It is also the stormiest month of the year for the Continental US & the Gulf. By “stormy” meaning large-scale storms, not necessarily the tornadic storms that they bring, even though we are still in our Second Tornado Season.

A region of heavy rainfall usually forms from Texas to Northwest Florida to Tennessee and Arkansas. Cold waves bringing rain, snow, ice and occasionally tornadoes, sweep across the region.

Average precipitation in Birmingham is 4.47” of rainfall and 0.1” of snowfall.

December can be cloudy and cold, and, then it can swing into spring like warmth, luring plants to bloom early, only to have the frosts and freezes return and the plants are “nipped in the bud”.

Hurricane season is now “officially” over, however Mother Nature sometimes throws a surprise in to make life interesting.

From 1851 – 2024 there have been 19 Tropical Storms and from 1822 to 2022 there have been 8 Category 1 hurricanes, but none have ever struck the United States.

Two notable December hurricanes are:

Hurricane Alice of 1954, which is the only known Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years and one of only two named Atlantic tropical cyclones, along with Tropical Storm Zeta of 2005, to do so.

Alice developed on December 30, 1954 from a trough of low pressure in the central Atlantic Ocean in an area of unusually favorable conditions. The storm moved southwestward and gradually strengthened to reach hurricane status. After passing through the Leeward Islands on January 2, 1955, Alice reached peak winds of 90 mph before encountering cold air and turning to the southeast. It dissipated on January 6 over the southeastern Caribbean Sea.

The last December hurricane to occur was Hurricane Epsilon during the 2005 season, the year in which we ran out of hurricane names. The year also featured Tropical Storm Zeta, the latest forming Tropical Storm which formed on December 30, 2005 and lasted until January 7, 2006.

Days continue to grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 34.6 degrees at the beginning of the month to 33.0 degrees at Winter Solstice on December 21 and then the angle begins to lift reaching 33.4 degrees on New Year’s Eve,

Daylight decreases from 10 hours 8 minutes on December 1 to 9 hours 58 minutes at Winter Solstice and then increases to 10 hours 01 minutes on December 31

Sunrise and Sunset times for Birmingham are:

December 1 Sunrise 6:32 AM Sunset 4:40 PM
December 15 Sunrise 6:42 AM Sunset 4:42 PM
December 21 Sunrise 6:46 AM Sunset 4:44 PM
December 31 Sunrise 6:40 AM Sunset 4:51 PM

Looking skyward, at the beginning of the month, the Sun, magnitude -26.8 is in Ophiuchus The Serpent Bearer.

Mercury, magnitude -0.5, in Scorpius, The Scorpion, is visible in the morning sky, rising at 4:58 AM CST – 1 hour and 33 minutes before the Sun – and will reach an altitude of 11° above the south-eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:04 AM CST.

He will reach his highest altitude in the morning sky on December 6, reaching 18° above the Eastern horizon shining brightly at -0.5 magnitude, and then reach his greatest separation from the Sun, or Greatest Western Elongation on December 7.

This is the best time to view Mercury since he will be at his highest point above the horizon in the morning sky. Look for the planet low in the eastern sky just before sunrise.

He will then begin steadily retreating towards the Sun.

By midmonth he will rise at 5:08 AM CST – 1 hour and 33 minutes before the Sun – and reach an altitude of 12° above the south-eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:19 AM CST.

Mercury will disappear into the glow of the Sun on December 22.

Venus, magnitude –3.9, in Ophiuchus, The Serpent Bearer, is hidden from view as she moves behind the Sun.

Earth and her Moon, magnitude -4.0, as viewed from the Sun, is in Orion, The Hunter.

Mars, with his moons Phobos and Deimos, magnitude +1.5, in Sagittarius, The Archer, is hidden from view as he is passing behind the Sun.

Dwarf Planet Ceres, magnitude +8.3, is in Cetus, The Sea Monster.

Jupiter, and his 97 moons and (invisible from Earth) ring, magnitude -2.6, is in Gemini, The Twins,
dominates the late evening and early morning skies.

At the beginning of the month, he will become accessible around 8:31 PM CST, when it reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 2:49 AM CST, 77° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:14 AM CST, 43° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he becomes accessible around 7:30 PM CST, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 1:49 AM CST, 78° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:24 AM CST, 28° above the western horizon.

By the end of the month, he will become accessible around 6:18 PM CST, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 12:38 AM CST, 78° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:31 AM CST, 13° above the western horizon.

Saturn, magnitude 0.0, and his 274 moons and extensive debris ring system, in Aquarius, The Water Bearer, as an early evening object.

At the first of the month, he becomes accessible around 5:14 PM CST, 46° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 6:47 PM CST, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 11:39 PM CST, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he will become accessible around 5:17 PM CST, 51° above the southern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 5:53 PM CST, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 10:45 PM CST, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

At months end he becomes visible around 5:26 PM CS, 51° above the southern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting at 10:45 PM CST.

Saturn’s rings are nearly edge-on. In a telescope they look like a long, very faint needle piercing the bright globe. Their shadow on the planet is a stronger black line along the equator. The rings will start to reappear as the months pass, and won’t disappear again until 2040.

Uranus, magnitude +5.6, and his 29 moons and ring, in Taurus, The Bull, is currently an evening object, becoming accessible via binoculars around 5:41 PM CST, 21° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 10:48 PM CST, 76° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 3:56 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he will become accessible around 5:44 PM CST, 33° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach its highest point in the sky at 9:50 PM CST, 76° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 2:58 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

At month’s end he becomes accessible around 5:52 PM CST, at an altitude of 49° above the eastern horizon as dusk fades into darkness. He reaches his highest point in the sky at 8:45 PM CST, 75° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 1:52 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Neptune, magnitude +7.7, and his 16 moons and ring, in Pisces, The Fish, is currently visible in the evening sky via binoculars and telescopes.

At the first of the month, he becomes accessible at 5:41 PM CST, at an altitude of 50° above the south-eastern horizon as dusk fades into darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 7:01 PM CST, 54° above the southern horizon. He will fade from view around 11:09 PM CST when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Neptune will end his retrograde motion and resume his normal path across the sky on December 10.

At midmonth he will become accessible around 5:44 PM CST, 54° above the southern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 6:06 PM CST, 54° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 10:14 PM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

At the end of the month, he becomes accessible around 5:52 CST PM, 53° above the south-western horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then sink towards the horizon, setting at 11:02 PM CST.

Pluto, the largest Dwarf Planet, with his five moons shines at a dim 14.6 in Capricornus, The Sea Goat.

Dwarf Planet 136108 Haumea, her ring and moons Hiʻiaka and Namaka, shines at a faint magnitude of 17.3 in Bootes, The Herdsman.

Dwarf Planet 136472 Makemake with his moon S/2015 (136472) 1, nicknamed MK1 by the discovery team, shines faintly at magnitude +17.2 in Coma Berenices.

Dwarf Planet 136199 Eris, the second largest Dwarf Planet, and her moon Dysnomia, originally referred to as Xena and Gabrielle, is barely visible in the most powerful telescopes at magnitude +18.6 in Cetus the Sea Monster.

At least seven additional bodies with the preliminary criteria for identifying dwarf planets, and though not “officially” declared as such, are generally called dwarf planets by astronomers as well.

90482 Orcus, and his moon Vanth shines at magnitude 19.1 near Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

50000 Quaoar, his two rings and his moon Waywot shines at magnitude +18.6 in Orion, The Hunter.

90377 Sedna, the coldest, and at one time, the most distant known place in the Solar System, glows faintly at magnitude +20.7 in Taurus, The Bull.

225088 Gonggong, the third largest Dwarf Planet, originally nicknamed Snow White by the discovery team, and his moon Xiangli glows dimly at +21.5 magnitude in Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

2014 UZ224 nicknamed “DeeDee” for “Distant Dwarf” is 8.5 billion miles from the Sun, at magnitude +23.0 in Eridanus, The River.

120347 Salacia, and her moon Actaea glows at magnitude 20.7 in Sextans, The Sextant. Salacia is considered a “borderline” Dwarf Planet. Some astronomers saying she “most certainly is a Dwarf Planet”, while others disagreeing based on her size, saying she is too small to have compressed into a fully solid body, to have been resurfaced, or to have collapsed into “hydrostatic equilibrium”, that is to assume spherical shape like a planet.

“Dwarf Planet Candidate” 2017 OF201, magnitude 23.2 is in the constellation Triangulum, the Triangle.

Currently the most distant observable known object in the Solar System, an asteroid unofficially called Asteroid 2018 AG37, and nicknamed FarFarOut, glows at a barely detectable +25.5 magnitude in Lynx.

FarFarOut is currently 12,269,550,360 miles or in Light Time, 18 hours, 17 minutes and 45 seconds from Earth.

The most distant man-made object, Voyager 1, still operating after 48 years, 2 month and 15 days is 15,787,622,719 miles, or in Light Time, 23 hours, 32 minutes 31 Seconds from Earth as of 3:33 PM CST, November 20, 2025, sailing 38,027 miles per hour through Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer.

Near Earth Object, asteroid 99942 Apophis, is expected to pass within 19,794 miles of the Earth on Friday, April 13, 2029.

Apophis, magnitude +20.6, in Ophiuchus, The Serpent Bearer, is 164,216,487 miles or 1241 days from the Earth as of 3:45 PM CST, November 20, 2025.

Asteroid 2024 YR4, which will pass though the Earth – Moon system on Wednesday, December 22, 2032, dimly glows at magnitude +30.3, in Virgo, The Virgin. It currently is 389,788,736 miles or 2694 days from Earth as of 3:50 PM CST, November 20 2025.

There are 1,478,366 known asteroids and 4,043 comets as of November 20, 2025, per NASA/JPL Solar Dynamics Website.

6,052 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of November 20, 2025 per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive.

Full Moon occurs at 5:15 PM CST or 23:15 UTC on December 4 when the Moon, being on the opposite side of the Earth as the Sun will be fully illuminated. This full moon was known by early Native American tribes as the Full Cold Moon because this is the time of year when the cold winter air settles in and the nights become long and dark. This moon has also been known as the Moon Before Yule and the Full Long Nights Moon.

This is also the last of three supermoons for 2025. The Moon will be near its closest approach to the Earth and may look slightly larger and brighter than usual.

During a Full Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -12.7. The Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth on December 4, when she will be 221,806 miles from Earth.

Last Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Eastern side illuminated, will occur December 11 at 2:52 PM CST or 20:52 UTC.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

The Geminid Meteor Shower peaks on December 13-14. Geminids are one of the year’s best meteor showers. It is my favorite meteor shower and considered by many to be the best shower in the heavens. It’s a consistent and prolific shower, and usually the most satisfying of all the annual showers, even surpassing the more widely recognized Perseids of August. This shower typically produces 50 or more multicolored meteors an hour, or about one every minute, and at the peak 120 meteors per hour.

The dazzling Geminid meteor shower starts around mid-evening and increases in intensity as evening deepens into late night. No matter where you live worldwide, the greatest number of meteors usually fall in the wee hours after midnight, or for a few hours centered around 2 a.m. local time, as the Earth plows headlong into the stream. If you’re game, you can watch the Geminid shower all the way from mid-evening until dawn.

The Geminids are produced by debris left behind by an asteroid known as 3200 Phaethon, which was discovered in 1982. The shower runs annually from December 7-17. It peaks this year on the night of the 13th and morning of the 14th. The morning of the 15th could also be nearly as active this year.

The Last quarter moon will block some of the fainter meteors this year, but the Geminids are so numerous that it should still be a good show. Best viewing will be from a dark location after midnight. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Gemini, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on December 17, when she will be 252,478 miles from Earth.

New Moon occurs December 19 at 7:44 PM CST or 1:44 UTC December 20. The Moon will on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

Winter Solstice occurs at 9:02 AM or 15:02 UTC December 21. The South Pole of the earth will be tilted toward the Sun, which will have reached its southernmost position in the sky and will be directly over the Tropic of Capricorn at 23.44 degrees south latitude. This is the first day of winter (winter solstice) in the Northern Hemisphere and the first day of summer (summer solstice) in the Southern Hemisphere.

The Ursid meteor shower, a minor meteor shower, which runs annually from December 17-25 will peak on the night and morning of December 21 – 22 producing about 5-10 meteors per hour. It is produced by dust grains left behind by comet Tuttle, which was first discovered in 1790.

The thin, crescent moon will set early in the evening, leaving dark skies for what should be a good show. Best viewing will be just after midnight from a dark location far away from city lights. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Ursa Minor, or The Little Dipper, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

First Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Western side illuminated, will occur December 27 at 1:10 PM CST or 19:10 UTC.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Christmas

Christmas is my favorite time of the year.

Christmastime is a time of wonder & mystery. A time of bright lights, shining trees and the time of hide and seek, as presents are hidden from inquiring minds and fingers.

It is a time when one’s mind and memories drift back to days of childhood, and Christmases now long gone by. Remembering friends and family, some here, some now gone & longing that they were near once again, as it was once upon a time not so long ago.
And it is a time when, if we allow ourselves and don’t choose to “Grinch out” and be sour pusses, we can become kids once again.

Most importantly though, it’s a time to remember that the true “reason for the season” occurred in a manger, long ago on that first cold and chilly “Silent Night.”

So, as you go about your Christmas preparations remember the magic that was there when you were a child & don’t let that magic die. Make it magic once again

For Christmas truly is “the most wonderful time of the year”.

From the House of Mark WD4NYL and Teresa KQ4JC, we wish you all a very safe and Merry Christmas!

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

This month’s meeting will feature the ALERT Christmas Party on December 9 at 7:00 PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter

Hi everyone,

I hope this finds you well, and enjoying the calm, dry weather of the Fall Season.

While we have this lull in our weather, we must remember that November is the beginning of the
Fall tornado season and the Fall season is often more severe than the Spring season.

Now is time to review your emergency plans and procedures, brush up on your skills, and check and prepare your equipment.

I’ve learned the hard way over the years that equipment that may have worked fine just a few months or weeks ago can silently and often mysteriously deteriorate and fail you just the moment you need it the most.

So, check your radio equipment, accessories, cables and your antennas and make sure they
still operate properly.

How long has it been since you charged your handie-talkies? Be forewarned that you can’t always trust a “battery indicator”, as it may be for “show” only, and can indicate a full charge when the battery is running on fumes.

If you bought a radio for the proverbial “SHTF”, have you learned how to use it by getting the appropriate license and learning the skill through regular use?

Though Hollywood portrays people in emergencies pulling a radio out, calling on some random frequency, and rescuers suddenly appearing, that’s not quite how it works.

The truth is, one needs to learn how to use the equipment, learn what does and doesn’t work, when, where and why, and then stay practiced up by regular use. For is the only way you can learn how to overcome problems that WILL reveal themselves, and what to expect performance and skill wise.

Think of it this way – let’s say you decide to cook Thanksgiving dinner, and you have never cooked before. You can look at a dozen YouTube videos, check every chatroom and Facebook group and buy a mountain of cookbooks, but your odds of success aren’t very good, while the odds of an ER visit are excellent. You want to learn and practice before the big event. That way you stack the odds in your favor.

Part of “preparedness” is preparing – learning and practicing skills and how to use the equipment. Especially if it is for emergency use. You want to be so accustomed to using radios that it’s just as normal as using a telephone. My wife and I have been hams for a long time. For us “switching to the radio” is just as normal as breathing.

For more information on how to get started, check out these resources:

Getting Licensed
Shelby County Amateur Radio Club – Getting Started in Amateur Radio
Central Alabama VEC Inc
Amateur Radio Advancement Group

What condition is your NOAA Weatheradio in? If it has a battery backup make sure you have fresh batteries and that it still works. NOAA tests these radios (unless severe weather is expected) every Saturday and Wednesday around 11 AM.

On your Smartphone, install phone Apps from local broadcast media and make sure your phone Apps are up to date. I also bookmark websites, such as radar and information sources.

Never rely on social media posts for warnings or information, including from me. Don’t even rely on broadcast media postings, as some social media algorithms can accidently “bury” a warning in the newsfeed and it be very much delayed, sometimes by days. Other social media sources may be well meaning, sincere, and sincerely wrong. And some sources may be precise, concise, convincing and completely insane.

Instead trust the REAL experts at our NWS. They have the training, knowledge and expertise which you can place confidence in.

What about “tornado sirens”? In my opinion they are still a valuable resource and should never be done away with or left to fall into disrepair. That said, you should not depend on them as your sole source of warning. Remember that not all locations have them and even if they do, you could be in an acoustical shadow caused by a ridge or valley and not hear them even though they are sounding.

If you DO hear one sounding, try to find out why it is sounding.

Is it a test or a warning and if it is a warning, what type of warning? We are accustomed to think “weather”, but, given the times in which we live, and have always lived, remember that weather warnings are in addition to their original purpose, which then and now is to warn of an incoming nuclear attack, so it could be weather related, or it could be something much more dire.

For example, I had a coworker come to me and ask, “why are air raid sirens are going off, is something wrong?”, and I explained about their use for severe storms. In the country he had migrated from, sirens meant they were about to be hit by missiles, drones and bombs. Which serves as a reminder that given the right combination of bad circumstances, the blaring sound could mean things other than “weather”.

With that cheerful note, here’s hoping for a calm Fall as we look forward to Thanksgiving and the Holiday Season.

Stay safe!

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

As The Sun Sinks Slowly In The West

Every evening from millennia past the nightly spectacle unfolds. The sky, unless cloudy, reddens in the west, the sun sets, sometimes brilliantly, sometimes subdued, and the sky fades into ever darkening shades of blue. The stars appear one by one and quietly they shift westward through the night, until in the wee hours of the morning when the process reverses, the stars fade, the inky black sky fades into lightening shades of blue and the glow in the eastern sky announces the suns arrival, as a new day begins.

Sunsets, as common as they are, are one of the magical spectacles of nature. Sunsets, like most things in life, are more complex than they might first appear.

Sunsets are divided, sometimes indistinctly, into various phases, some defined by artists, poets and photographers, some by mariners and governments.

As the afternoon proceeds from midday, the shadows lengthen eastward, leading to a period known as the “Magic Hours”, where the world changes before your eyes into a dreamscape of colors, shading and moods written about in poem and song.

The first “Magic Hour” is the ”Golden Hour”, which starts when the Sun descends to 6° above the horizon and ends when it is 4° below the horizon.

During Golden Hour, which is a term that is more descriptive of the coloration, than the actual duration, the sunlight is redder and softer than usual, and it is the perfect time to photograph silhouettes, backlit portraits, nature and urban landscapes, and the near Full Moon on the eastern horizon, before it becomes so bright that it overwhelms the camera. For non-photographers, it can range from just “pretty” to breathtaking, depending on the interplay between sunlight, smoke and clouds.

The actual Sunset begins when the lower edge of the Sun touches the horizon and ends when the upper edge disappears below the horizon. Though it may seem to last 20 to 30 minutes, it really takes only 2 to 3 minutes, though the length can vary by latitude and by atmospheric conditions.

For instance, the atmosphere can refract the light, distorting and stretching the solar image and lengthen the apparent sunset time, and if conditions are perfect, it can act as a prism separating the light and cause the red Sunset to end in a rare event called the “Green Flash”, where a distinct emerald green flash or ray is seen on the horizon lasting a second or two, and under perfect conditions an even rarer “Blue Flash” has been seen.

At Sunset, from the point when the Sun disappears from the horizon to when it reaches 18° below the horizon we enter the first of three periods called “Twilight”.

Twilight is a time of the day when the Sun is below the horizon and not visible directly, but is still illuminating the sky. We can see twilight because the Earth’s atmosphere scatters the light and illuminates the sky even though direct sunlight is gone.

We first encounter “Civil Twilight”, which lasts roughly 45 minutes.

Civil Twilight is the brightest period; the sky is still very bright and full of vivid colors. Most people are referring to this period when talking about twilight.

During Civil Twilight, there is still enough natural light that artificial light is not needed, though according to most municipal ordinances, streetlights must turn on, and car headlights should be on.

The horizon is easily visible; Chimney Swifts or “Chimney Sweeps” as I always heard them called, and bats are seen swooping and darting about catching dinner on a wing and a prayer, and making you instinctively duck, as if you might be a tasty morsel, and the brightest stars and planets start fading into view.

Within Civil Twilight the Golden Hour extends until the Sun is 4° below the horizon. After this point is reached, the “Blue Hour” begins and lasts until the end of Civil Twilight when the Sun is 6° below the horizon.

Blue hour is a period of the day when the Sun is well below the horizon, and the remaining sunlight has a blue hue. It’s a perfect time for photographers who want to take pictures of cities, nature, emerging wildlife, architecture and the Moon.

At the end of Civil Twilight, also called Civil Dusk, Nautical Twilight begins. Nautical twilight is so named because during this period sailors can navigate using bright stars and the horizon, which is still visible.

During Nautical Twilight many of the brighter stars can be seen, artificial light is generally needed for outdoor activities, and cities are fully illuminated. Photographers like this period for landscape, city, and long exposure shots.

Nautical Twilight ends at Nautical Dusk, when the Sun is 12° below the horizon. After this, the horizon vanishes, and a mariner cannot distinguish between sea and sky.

Astronomical Twilight then begins, which lasts until the Sun is 18° below the horizon and ends with Astronomical Dusk at which “Night” truly begins.

In dark skies, the Milky Way starts to appear, and faint stars and planets can be observed with the naked eye unless the Moon is illuminating the sky.

For most people, this period appears like “Night” and from a good site the sky looks dark and full of stars. So, you might ask, if the sky appears so dark, why bother defining this last period of twilight?

During astronomical twilight, Earth’s atmosphere is still refracting sunlight and scattering some skyward, which hinders deep sky observations.

Astronomical Twilight ends when the Sun is 18° below the horizon and ends with Astronomical Dusk at which the sky is truly dark, and “Night” truly begins, when faint astronomical objects are most accessible.

The night then progresses with an ever decreasing number of cars on the city streets, the fading sound of distant trains, and a midnight chill as the stars drift lazily by. This may be accompanied with the crackling of leaves as old Tom goes prowling on soft velvety feet, and as you just doze off, the hooting of an owl might shake you awake, reminding you that you are out in the gloom.

Then silently the Sun reaches 18° below the eastern horizon and Astronomical Dawn begins and the truly dark sky begins to disappear. Now the process reverses as the stars fade and the sky lightens with Astronomical Twilight, Nautical Twilight, Civil Twilight, Blue and Golden Hours, Sunrise, and the Golden Hour fading into daytime.

And, then you may hear a chuckle in the trees, as a squirrel laughs at you for having stayed up all night, not having a wink of sleep.

The times for the various stages of twilight may be found at: Sunrise and sunset times in Birmingham

At sunset, while you are concentrating on western skies, you might turn around and look towards the east.

On very clear days as the Sun sinks further below the horizon, a pinkish glow may be seen rising, followed by what appears to be a grayish cloud rising on the horizon.

What you are seeing is the silhouette of the earth’s shadow being cast against darkening sky.

The pink fringe, which is technically called an “anti-twilight arch” was called in Victorian times “The Belt of Venus” or “Venus’s Girdle” and the shadow itself being “the dark segment”, or more commonly called the “Earth Shadow”, which, as the sky darkens, slowly fades into the darkening sky.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mark’s Almanac

With the arrival of November, we enter our second tornado season. Alabama and the Southeast are “blessed” by being the only area on Earth having two tornado seasons. The cause of the second season is the same as the spring season – clashes of cold and warm air masses. The cold air of winter is invading and trying to push the warmth of the summer back into the sea, which is the same process of springtime.

This second season is often more destructive than the spring season. From 1950 to 2024 there have been 280 November tornadoes in Alabama resulting in 52 fatalities and 1069 injuries. The third largest tornado outbreak occurred on November 24 – 25 2001 when 36 tornadoes occurred, and 21 tornadoes occurred during the outbreak of November 23 – 24 2004.

November was Alabama’s leading tornado month from 2001 to 2011 until the dual outbreaks of April 15 and April 27, 2011, erased that record.

November is still the third most active month for tornadoes over a 70+ year period.

Some suggest that there are not two seasons, but rather, one long season that stretches from November through May, as December through February are certainly not tornado free.

So, beware of a warm & muggy November day. Especially one with a south wind, as something may really be “in the air”.

2025 Preliminary Tornado Statistics as of 10/06/2025

1. Texas 148
2. Illinois 136
3. Missouri 120
4. Mississippi 103
5. North Dakota 72
6. Alabama 68
7. Oklahoma 65
8. Indiana 64
9. Arkansas 60
10. Minnesota 56
    Nebraska 56

The Hurricane threat greatly diminishes, with hurricane activity occurring mainly in the open Atlantic, threatening the Eastern Seaboard, but usually veering off into sea as cold fronts off the East Coast deflect them. Hurricanes can still form in the Caribbean, which usually visit the Yucatan, but can enter the Gulf.

From 1851 – 2024 there have been 103 Tropical Storms and 51 hurricanes, 6 of which made landfall in the United States.

Some notable November hurricanes are:

The 1932 Cuba hurricane, known also as the Hurricane of Santa Cruz del Sur or the 1932 Camagüey Hurricane. Although forming as a tropical depression on October 30, it became the only Category 5 Atlantic hurricane ever recorded in November, and was the deadliest and one of the most intense tropical cyclones in Cuban history. On November 6, the tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph. The storm weakened to Category 4 intensity as it came ashore in Cuba’s Camagüey Province on November 9 with winds of 150 mph. The storm took 3,033 lives.

Hurricane Ida, in 2009, was the strongest land falling tropical cyclone during the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. Ida formed on November 4 in the southwestern Caribbean, and within 24 hours struck the Nicaragua coast with winds of 80 mph. It weakened significantly over land, although it restrengthened in the Yucatán Channel to peak winds of 105 mph. Ida weakened and became an extratropical cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico before spreading across the southeastern United States. The remnants of Ida contributed to the formation of a nor’easter that significantly affected the eastern coast of the United States.

1985’s Hurricane Kate was the latest Hurricane in any calendar year to strike the United States.
Kate formed on November 15 and reached hurricane intensity on November 16, and reached Category 2 intensity three days later. Kate struck the northern coast of Cuba on November 19. Once clear of land, she strengthened quickly, becoming a Category 3 storm and reached its peak intensity of 120 mph. On November 21 Kate came ashore near Mexico Beach, Florida, as Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph.

Hurricane Lenny, or Wrong Way Lenny, occurred in 1999. It is the second-strongest November Atlantic hurricane on record, behind the 1932 Cuba hurricane. Lenny formed on November 13 in the western Caribbean Sea and moved retrograde from the West to East passing South of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. He reached hurricane status south of Jamaica on November 15 and rapidly intensified over the northeastern Caribbean on November 17, attaining peak winds of 155 mph near Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. It gradually weakened while moving through the Leeward Islands, eventually dissipating on November 23 over the open Atlantic Ocean.

1994’s Hurricane Gordon claimed 1122 lives in Haiti when it passed just west of the country as a tropical storm on November 13, 1994.

Figure 2 – November Tropical Cyclone Breeding Grounds

Both the Atlantic and Pacific Hurricane seasons ends November 30.

Days rapidly grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 40.9 degrees at the beginning of the month to 34.8 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight decreases from 10 hours 51 minutes on November 1 to 10 hours 09 minutes on November 30.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

November 1 Sunrise 7:06 AM Sunset 5:55 PM
November 15 Sunrise 6:19 AM Sunset 4:44 PM – After Daylight Savings Time Ends
November 31 Sunrise 6:33 AM Sunset 4:39 PM

The blooms of summer have faded, but you may find yourself still sneezing, due to ragweed and mold.

Mold is a fall allergy trigger. You may think of mold growing in your basement or bathroom – damp areas in the house – but mold spores also love wet spots outside. Piles of damp leaves are ideal breeding grounds for mold.

Oh, and did I mention dust mites? While they are common during the humid summer months, they can get stirred into the air the first time you turn on your heat in the fall. Dust mites can trigger sneezes, wheezes, and runny noses.

November welcomes the peak of fall colors. For Birmingham the peak occurs around November 15, but the date can vary depending on your elevation & latitude.

Indian Summer and Squaw Winter continue to battle it out, but the cool or cold weather will eventually win, with the first average frost being on November 11.

The usual fall effects occur in North America with Canada’s Hudson Bay becoming unnavigable due to pack ice & icebergs. Navigation in the Great Lakes becomes perilous due to storms bringing the “Gales Of November” made famous in the Gordon Lightfoot song “The Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald”.

And don’t be surprised if you hear ducks overhead & see wedges of Canadian geese heading south for the winter. And if you see strange birds appearing in your front yard, remember that for 336 species of birds Alabama IS south for the winter.

Looking skyward, at the beginning of the month, the Sun, magnitude -26.8 is in Libra, The Scales.

Mercury, magnitude +2.4, in Scorpius, The Scorpion, is lost in the glow of the Sun for most of the month and will pass between the Earth and the Sun, or be in “Inferior Conjunction” on November 20.

He will reach his closest point to the Sun, or Perihelion on November 23.

At months end he will become visible in the dawn sky, rising at 4:58 AM, CST,1 hour and 33 minutes before the Sun and reach an altitude of 11° above the south-eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:04 AM CST,

Venus, magnitude –3.9, in Libra, The Scales, is visible in the dawn sky.

At the first of the month, she will become visible rising at 5:44 AM CDT, 1 hour and 19 minutes before the Sun and reaches an altitude of 12° above the eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:47 AM CDT.

Remembering that time changes back to Standard Time on November the 2nd, she becomes visible an hour earlier after the 2nd and by the 15th will become visible rising at 5:13 AM CST, 1 hour and 3 minutes before the Sun and reach an altitude of 8° low above the eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:00 AM CST.

She will sink into the glow of the Sun on the 17th and will be unobservable.

Earth and her Moon, magnitude -4.0, as viewed from the Sun, is in Taurus, The Bull.

Mars, with his moons Phobos and Deimos, magnitude +1.4, in Ophiuchus, The Serpent Bearer, is lost in the glow of the Sun.

Dwarf Planet Ceres shines at magnitude +7.7 in Cetus, The Sea Monster.

Jupiter, and his 97 moons and (invisible from Earth) ring, magnitude -2.3, is in Gemini, The Twins, dominates the early morning sky.

At the beginning of the month, Jupiter becomes accessible around 11:31 PM CDT, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 5:49 AM CDT, 77° above southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:47 AM CDT, 72° above the south-western horizon.

At mid-month he will become accessible around 9:37 PM CST, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 3:55 AM CST, 77° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:00 AM CST, 59° above the western horizon.

Jupiter will enter retrograde motion, halting its usual eastward movement through the constellations, and turning to move westwards instead on November 11.

This apparent reversal of direction against the night sky is caused by a phenomenon that all the outer planets periodically undergo, a few months before they reach opposition, or the point exactly opposite from the Sun.

This retrograde motion is caused by the Earth’s own motion around the Sun. As the Earth circles the Sun, our view or perspective changes, and this causes the apparent positions of objects to move from side to side in the sky during a one year period. This nodding motion is super imposed on the planet’s long-term eastward motion through the constellations, causing them to appear to be moving backwards in their orbits.

A terrestrial example would be passing a car on the highway. Both are moving forward, but the car you are passing looks as if it were going backwards as you look at it through the side window.

By month’s end he will become accessible around 8:31 PM CST, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach its highest point in the sky at 2:49 AM CST, 77° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:14 AM CST, 43° above the western horizon.

Saturn, magnitude +0.8, and his 274 moons and extensive debris ring system, is in Aquarius, The Water Bearer, is an evening object.

At the beginning of the month, he becomes accessible around 6:27 PM CDT, 29° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 9:47 PM, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 1:41 AM CDT, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

At midmonth he becomes accessible around 5:18 PM CST, 37° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 7:50 PM CST, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 12:43 AM CST, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

Saturn ends retrograde motion on November 27.

At months end he becomes accessible around 5:14 PM CST, 46° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 6:47 PM CST, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 11:39 PM CST, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

Uranus, magnitude +5.6, and his 29 moons and ring, in Aquarius, The Water Bearer, is a morning object. Uranus is an object that is barely visible to an unaided eye in dark skies, but, is accessible via binoculars and telescopes.

At the beginning of the month, he will become accessible around 8:46 PM CDT, when he reaches an altitude of 21° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 1:55 AM CDT, 76° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:03 AM CDT, 33° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he will become accessible at around 6:45 PM CST, when he rises to an altitude of 21° above the eastern horizon. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 11:53 PM CST, 76° above the southern horizon. He will become inaccessible at around 5:02 AM CST when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Uranus will be opposite the sky from the Sun, at “Opposition” at 6:17 AM on November 21.

At month’s end he becomes accessible around 5:41 PM CST, 21° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 10:48 PM CST, 76° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 3:56 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Neptune, magnitude 7.7, and his 16 moons and ring, in Pisces, The Fish, is an early evening object.
Neptune is only visible using a telescope.

At the first of the month, he becomes accessible around 6:54 PM CDT, 33° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 10:00 PM CDT, 54° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 1:09 AM CDT, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

At midmonth he will become accessible around 5:45 PM CST, 41° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 8:04 PM CST, 54° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 12:13 AM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

At the end of the month, he becomes accessible around 5:41 PM CDT, 50° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 7:01 PM CST, 54° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 11:09 PM CST, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Pluto, the largest Dwarf Planet, with his five moons shines at a dim 14.5 in Capricornus, The Sea Goat.

Dwarf Planet 136108 Haumea, her ring and moons Hiʻiaka and Namaka, shines at a faint magnitude of 17.3 in Bootes, The Herdsman.

Dwarf Planet 136472 Makemake with his moon S/2015 (136472) 1, nicknamed MK1 by the discovery team, shines faintly at magnitude +17.1 in Coma Berenices.

Dwarf Planet 136199 Eris, the second largest Dwarf Planet, and her moon Dysnomia, originally referred to as Xena and Gabrielle, is barely visible in the most powerful telescopes at magnitude +18.6 in Cetus the Sea Monster.

At least seven additional bodies with the preliminary criteria for identifying dwarf planets, and though not “officially” declared as such, are generally called dwarf planets by astronomers as well.

90482 Orcus, and his moon Vanth shines at magnitude 19.1 near Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

50000 Quaoar, his two rings and his moon Waywot shines at magnitude +18.6 in Orion, The Hunter.

90377 Sedna, the coldest, and at one time, the most distant known place in the Solar System, glows faintly at magnitude +20.8 in Taurus, The Bull.

225088 Gonggong, the third largest Dwarf Planet, originally nicknamed Snow White by the discovery team, and his moon Xiangli glows dimly at +21.5 magnitude in Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

2014 UZ224 nicknamed “DeeDee” for “Distant Dwarf” is 8.5 billion miles from the Sun, at magnitude +23.0 in Eridanus, The River.

120347 Salacia, and her moon Actaea glows at magnitude 20.7 in Hydra, The Sea Serpent. Salacia is considered a “borderline” Dwarf Planet. Some astronomers saying she “most certainly is a Dwarf Planet”, while others disagreeing based on her size, saying she is too small to have compressed into
a fully solid body, to have been resurfaced, or to have collapsed into “hydrostatic equilibrium”, that is to assume spherical shape like a planet.

“Dwarf Planet Candidate” 2017 OF201, magnitude 23.2 is in the constellation Triangulum, the Triangle.

Currently the most distant observable known object in the Solar System, an asteroid unofficially called Asteroid 2018 AG37, and nicknamed FarFarOut, glows at a barely detectable +25.5 magnitude in Lynx.

FarFarOut is currently 12,322,681,900 miles or in Light Time, 18 hours, 22 minutes and 30 seconds from Earth.

The most distant man-made object, Voyager 1, still operating after 48 years, 1 month and 11 days is 15,713,693,976 miles, or in Light Time, 23 hours, 25 minutes 54 Seconds from Earth as of 3:39 PM CDT, October 16, 2025, sailing 38,027 miles per hour through Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer.

Near Earth Object, asteroid 99942 Apophis, is expected to pass within 19,794 miles of the Earth on Friday, April 13, 2029.

Apophis, magnitude +20.9, in Virgo, The Virgin, is 177,910,967 miles or 1276 days from the Earth as of 3:44 PM CDT, October 16, 2025.

Asteroid 2024 YR4, which will pass though the Earth – Moon system on Wednesday, December 22, 2032, dimly glows at magnitude +29.8, in Virgo, The Virgin. It currently is 391,749,802 miles or 2729 days from the Earth as of 3:50 PM CDT, October 16 2025.

There are 1,469,893 known asteroids and 4,036 comets as of October 16, 2025, per NASA/JPL Solar Dynamics Website.

6,028 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of October 9, 2025 per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive.

Daylight Savings Time ends at 2 AM November 2. Make sure to replace your smoke alarm batteries and if you have a battery backup on your NOAA Weather radio, replace those batteries also.

The Southern Taurids Meteor Shower will occur November 4 & 5. The Taurid Meteor shower is an unusual shower in that it consists of two streams – the Southern and Northern Taurids. The first, the Southern Taurids, is produced by dust grains left behind by Asteroid 2004 TG10.

This is a minor shower, producing only 5 to 10 meteors per hour.

Unfortunately, the glare from the Full Moon will hide most of the meteors this year. If you are very patient, you may still be able to catch a few bright ones. Best viewing will be just after midnight from a dark location far away from city lights. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Taurus, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

Full Moon will occur November 5. The Moon will be located on the opposite side of the Earth as the Sun and its face will be fully illuminated. This phase occurs at 8:21 AM CST or 13:21 UTC. This full moon was known by early Native American tribes as the Beaver Moon because this was the time of year to set the beaver traps before the swamps and rivers froze. It has also been known as the Frosty Moon and the Dark Moon.

This is the second of three Supermoons for 2025. The Moon will be near its closest approach to the Earth and may look slightly larger and brighter than usual.

During a Full Moon, the Moon’s magnitude is -12.7.

The Moon will be at Perigee or her closest approach to Earth on November 5, when she will be 221,725 miles from Earth

Last Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Eastern side illuminated, will occur November 11 at 11:29 PM CST or 05:29 UTC.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

The Northern Taurid Meteor Shower, the second of the two Taurid streams, will occur November 11 & 12. The Northern Taurids is a long-running minor meteor shower producing only about 5-10 meteors per hour. This shower is, however, famous for producing a higher than normal percentage of bright fireballs. The second stream is produced by debris left behind by Comet 2P Encke.

The shower runs annually from September 7 to December 10. It peaks this year on the night of the 11th and morning of the 12th.

The Last Quarter Moon will wash out the dimmer meteors, but it is still worth the effort to see, The meteors will appear to originate from the Constellation Taurus, but could appear anywhere in the sky.

Best viewing will be just after midnight from a dark location far away from city lights. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Taurus but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The annual Leonid meteor shower occurs from November 6 – 30 and peaks on the night of November 17 & the morning of the 18th. Though the Leonids are an “average shower”, producing only an average of 15 meteors per hour, they are well known for producing bright meteors and fireballs.

This shower is also unique in that it has a cyclonic peak about every 33 years where hundreds of meteors per hour can be seen. That last of these occurred in 2001 and the next should occur in 2034. The Leonids are produced by dust grains left behind by Comet Tempel-Tuttle, which was discovered in 1865.

The thin, crescent moon won’t be much of a problem and skies will be dark enough for what should be an great show. Best viewing will be from a dark location after midnight. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Leo, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

New Moon will occur at 12:49 AM CST or 6:49 UTC on November 20. The Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

This New Moon occurs near Apogee, or the Moon’s farthest point from the Earth, so this will be a Micromoon. A Micromoon is the opposite of a Supermoon. Where a Supermoon appears slightly larger than normal, a Micromoon, if it were visible, would appear smaller.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on November 23, when she will be 252,707 miles from Earth.

First Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Western side illuminated, will occur November 28 at 12:59 AM CST or 18:59 UTC.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

Two good basic interactive star charts may be found at https://skyandtelescope.org/interactive-sky-chart/ & Charts of the Night Sky – In-The-Sky.org

For Smartphones, Star Walk 2 is my flavor of choice.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

This month’s meeting will be on November 11 at 7 PM at the NWS Forecast Office in Calera.

Hope to see you there!
Mark / WD4NYL
Editor / ALERT Newsletter

Hi everyone and welcome to the October ALERT Newsletter!

Fall has arrived and with it we can look forward to the changing of the fall leaves, the occasional nip in the air, and the Hobgoblins that will visit us at the end of the month.

October is a fun time of the year, usually being not too hot and not too cold – the “Goldilocks” of seasons.

It is a time to enjoy Fall football, the baseball playoffs which my Cubs are in, and the last outdoor adventures of the year, as the pretty weather October lets you get tanned, rested and ready for the storms of the Fall.

If you are into DXing on the HF bands, the good news is that they are awakening from their Summer slumber, as my recent voice and CW contacts with Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, the Canary Islands, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Panama, Russia, Sardinia, Serbia, Sint Maarten & Slovenia would demonstrate.

This reawakening of the HF bands coincides with the fall ham migration. You see, hams are like birds. We migrate in the fall. Birds migrate towards the equator, hams driven in by the cold, rain and lack of competing outdoor activities migrate towards the knobs.

So, dust off that radio, check and see if you still have an antenna in the air, and let the world know you are still on the sunny side of the daisies.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Birmingham NWS Fall 2025 Spotter Courses

The Birmingham NWS will be offering online Basic and Advanced Spotter Courses this fall. These classes are FREE and allow individuals to complete these courses in the comfort of their home or office.

By participating in these courses, which run about 2 hours, an individual or a group of individuals will become SKYWARN Storm Spotters.

Unless you want or need a refresher, you do not need to participate in more than one Basic SKYWARN Course, as the material covered is the same; however, it is required that you participate in at least one Basic SKYWARN Course before taking the Advanced SKYWARN Course. These courses are two way, meaning you will be able to interact with the meteorologist leading the training. You will be muted while training is in progress, but you may use the built in chat feature to ask questions.

To attend the Online Spotter Classes:

1. Via the schedule below, register by clicking the link
   corresponding to the class you’d like to attend.
2. Select the ‘join webinar’ button on the registration page or
   in your confirmation email and follow the prompts.
3. Enjoy the class and ask questions.

To avoid being hurried, give yourself at least 15 minutes prior to the start of the class to complete the above process and to get your note taking materials ready.

The current schedule is as follows:

Basic Class Thursday, October 2 – 6:30 – 7:30 PM Class Registration Link:
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/7773998457518567512

Basic Class Tuesday, October 7 – 6:30 – 7:30 PM Class Registration Link:
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/5549842565178907995

Basic Class Thursday, October 9 – 1:00 – 2:00 PM Class Registration Link:
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/6269801679535021146

Basic Class Thursday, October 16 – 6:30 – 7:30 PM Class Registration Link:
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/6825914869654835288

Advanced Class Tuesday, October 21 – 7:00 – 8:00 PM Class Registration Link:
https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/303442568896945244

These classes will help you provide the NWS the vital “ground truth” information they need to verify radar indications, target their attention and help you relay reports in a clear manner to the NWS, either directly via 205-664-3010 and pressing 2, online at https://www.weather.gov/bmx/submitstormreport
or via chat or amateur radio. This knowledge helps Skywarn Net Control stations filter reports, by giving them knowledge of what reporting stations are trying to describe. This way they can tell if the report is a valid report, an invalid report by an overly excited operator or a valid, but poorly described report, which without this knowledge could be mistakenly dismissed.

For further information on these classes visit: http://www.weather.gov/bmx/skywarn

A PDF of the September 20, 2018 Basic presentation may be found at:
https://www.weather.gov/media/bmx/skywarn/BasicSpotterGSAT.pdf

A PDF of the April 4, 2019 Advanced presentation may be found at:
https://www.weather.gov/media/bmx/skywarn/Gerald_Satterwhite_Advanced_WEBPAGE.pdf

The NWS in Norman, OK have numerous YouTube videos worth exploring at:
https://www.youtube.com/user/NWSNorman/playlists

Other useful resources:

ABC33/40 Basic Storm Spotter Training
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_MzKUTfUKA

ABC 33/40 Storm Spotter Extreme Part 1 – April 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOE69nsaKWE

ABC 33/40 Storm Spotter Extreme Part 2 – April 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8hT7gCCQB0

ABC 33/40 Storm Spotter Extreme Part 3 – April 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKHsAxNzqEM

The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research – UCARS – offers numerous courses on various aspects of meteorology. visit: Public Dashboard | MetEd

Registration is required, but all courses are free.

Note these videos and UCARs online courses ARE NOT intended to replace the courses offered by the NWS office. The local meteorologists will know factors and variations in the area microclimate that may need to be considered when assessing the observed phenomena. Consider these online courses as supplemental information.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

How Dark Is Your Sky?

I have been an Amateur Radio Operator for nearly 48 years. My interest in the hobby grew from an interest in Meteorology, which was inspired by listening to hams taking severe storm reports on VHF ham nets. My interest in Meteorology in turn is an offshoot of an interest in Astronomy, as I learned by watching the skies I could decipher the clouds meanings. My interest in Astronomy dates to the night a six year old version of me watched with wonder the total Lunar Eclipse of December 19, 1964.

I have lived in or near a city all my life and to me the milky looking night sky I see is “normal”. I am used to a sky illuminated by a few hundred thousand streetlights, lights from stores, cars and other sources. The darkest skies I have ever seen in Birmingham was in February 1976, when a power blackout darkened the western suburbs of Birmingham, which coincided with the passage Comet West. With an unhindered sky, not only did I have a beautiful view of the comet, but saw the Milky Way for the first time and a bewildering number of stars.

Being an amateur astronomer in a city is a challenging prospect, as the sky is never truly dark. As a teenager, for a few days I thought I might have found a cure for the problem. Since all the streetlights then were mercury vapor lights, I saved up and bought a filter specifically designed to filter out the wavelengths of mercury vapor lights. Life was good for about a week, then Alabama Power came and replaced all the mercury vapor lights with sodium vapor lights, which cannot be filtered and then for pure meanness they installed so many new lights in the neighborhood that the Barons could have easily played night games there.

The neighbors thought it was great since it would “keep the burglars away”, which proved to be wrong, as since the burglars didn’t need flashlights now, the beams of which would normally have aroused suspicion, they just happily cranked up operations.

The best I could do is find the darkest shadows and try my best to observe, while being keenly aware of the activity around me, which by habit I always did anyway, and still do today.

Before I continue I will quickly say that this article is not going to be a sermon about the evils of light pollution, but is leading to a guide to help you find the darkest skies in Alabama for stargazing.

That said, we live in an increasingly light polluted world. Light pollution is caused by inefficient or unnecessary use of artificial light, especially lights which shine into the night sky rather than using a shield or reflector to concentrate the light towards the intended direction.

It has been estimated that 83% of the world’s people live under light polluted skies and that 23% of the world’s land area is affected by “skyglow”, which is the diffuse glow of the night sky caused by the combined lights of human civilization.

To help measure light pollution levels and help skywatchers evaluate and compare the darkness of possible night sky observing sites, Amateur Astronomer John E Bortle created the “Bortle Dark-Sky Scale” . The Bortle Scale is a nine level numeric scale that measures the night sky’s brightness at a particular location, based on celestial objects that can be observed and the lights effects on the night sky and the surrounding area.

There are dark skies to be found in Alabama. Naturally the further away from a city you go, the better the sky becomes, to varying degrees. Some recommend driving two hours or more from a city. The only problem is, in the Southeastern US if you drive two hours away from a city, what usually happens? You find yourself in another city.

So, where are the darkest skies in Alabama?

Using the Bortle Scale as our guide, let’s go for a trip!

The brightest lit city in Alabama is Birmingham, so it will be our epicenter.

Class 9 – Inner City Skies – In downtown Birmingham, from a point centered roughly at 4Th Ave South & 20th Street South radiating outward one mile in every direction in a circle reaching 5 Points South, to an area a few blocks just west of I-65 downtown, then northward to the BJCC and then eastward to Avondale.

Here the entire sky is brightly lit and discolored, with light pollution reaching to the zenith. Stars are weak and washed out and only the brightest constellations are visible, and they are missing stars. Dimmer constellations such as Cancer and Pisces are not seen at all. The Pleiades star cluster is visible if you know where to look for it, but stars fainter than magnitude 4 are invisible. Most people don’t even look up, except perhaps to notice the Moon.

Class 8 – City Sky – In the Birmingham Metro area, from the edges of the Class 9 area one mile to the southeast and to the northwest, and two miles to the southwest and the northeast, this shape is due to Birmingham being an elongated city on a southwest/northeast axis. This area includes Homewood, West End, Ensley, North Birmingham, Shuttlesworth Airport and Woodlawn. Incidentally, downtown Huntsville, Mobile, Montgomery and Tuscaloosa are also Class 8 locations.

Here the sky glows whitish gray or orangish, with bright light pollution reaching to 35° above the horizon. You can read newspaper headlines without difficulty. Some of the stars making up the familiar constellation patterns are difficult to see or are absent entirely. The naked eye can pick out stars down to magnitude 4.5 at best, if you know just where to look.

Class 7 – Suburban / Urban Transition – From the edges of the Class 8 area stretching to Vestavia Hills, Hoover, Bessemer, Fairfield, Fultondale, near Center Point, Irondale and Mountain Brook.

Here the entire sky has a grayish white glow, and clouds are brightly lit, with strong light sources seen in every direction. The Milky Way is invisible and using a telescope only the brightest nebula and star clusters are seen, and they are unimpressive. M31, the Andromeda Galaxy is just barely visible to the naked eye using averted vision, but is visible as an elongated rice shaped smudge in small telescopes. The naked eye limit is magnitude 5.

Class 6 – Bright Suburban Sky – From the edge of the Class 7 areas stretching to the northern slope of Oak Mountain, down the I-65 corridor to Calera, I-59 to McCalla, Hueytown, Pleasant Grove, Minor, Forestdale, Gardendale, Center Point, Trussville, the I-20 corridor to Leeds and then to Lake Purdy.

Here skies are dominated by light pollution making the sky within 35° of the horizon glow grayish white. Clouds appear fairly bright, with even cirrus clouds brighter than the sky background.
Zodiacal light, which is the glow from sunlight reflected by objects along the Earth’s orbital plane is invisible, but faint indications of the Milky Way may be seen towards the Zenith. Viewing the area with binoculars can be impressive. Galaxy M31 is modestly apparent to the unaided eye, but the Triangulum Galaxy, M33 is invisible. Your surroundings are easily visible. The naked-eye limit is about magnitude 5.5.

Class 5 – Suburban Sky – From the edges of the Class 6 area stretching down I-65 to the Shelby/Chilton County line, down the I-59 corridor to just east of Tuscaloosa, Tannehill State Park, Sylvan Springs, Graysville, Warrior, the Jefferson/ Blount County line, Springville, along the I-20 corridor into St. Clair County and beyond and the southern slope of Oak Mountain.

Light pollution is significant, and light sources are evident in most, if not all directions. Clouds are noticeably brighter than the sky. Hints of the zodiacal light are seen on the best spring and autumn nights. The Milky Way is very weak or invisible near the horizon and looks rather washed out overhead and delicate detail is lost. Though to a city dweller, who has never seen it before, it is magnificent. Galaxy M31 is easily visible, as is the Great Nebula in Orion, but Galaxy M33 is invisible.
The naked-eye limit is about magnitude 6.

Class 4 – Rural / Suburban Transition – Western Jefferson County along the Warrior River, Walker County, except near Jasper, Rickwood Caverns State Park, Smokerise and most of Blount County.

Class 4 skies are a mix of rural and suburban characteristics. Domes of light are apparent over population centers in several directions extending to 55º above the horizon. Clouds in the direction of light-pollution sources are slightly illuminated but have only a grayish look overhead, and surroundings are clearly visible, with your car clearly visible in the distance. The zodiacal light is seen on the best nights and the Milky Way is brilliant overhead, showing the dark dust lane structure of the Great Rift and extends in a washed out form near the horizon. Galaxy M31 is easily visible, and Galaxy M33 is now a barely detectable using averted vision and then only when it is 55º above the horizon. The maximum naked-eye magnitude is 6.1 to 6.5.

Intermediate between Class 4 & 3 would include Cheaha State Park, Briarfield Ironworks State Park, the Bankhead National Forest & the Sipsey Wilderness in Winston County and the Talladega National Forest – Oakmulgee District, in Bibb County. Here the skies are so clear and the stars so bright that I find it can be disorienting, as there are too many stars and they blur out the familiar stars that outline the constellations. Cool, but slightly creepy.

Class 3 – Rural Sky – Western Clarke County and a sizable area including Western Montgomery County, Dallas, Wilcox and Monroe County.

There is indication of light pollution along the horizon. Clouds may appear faintly illuminated in the brightest parts of the sky near the horizon but are dark overhead. You lose visibility and your surroundings are only vaguely visible at 20 to 30 feet. The zodiacal light is striking in spring and autumn, when it extends 60° above the horizon after dusk and before dawn, and it begins to show hints of color. The sky is crowded with stars, appearing large and close, extending to the horizon in all directions. The Milky Way still appears complex, showing structures, but is losing its contrast due to the multitude of stars. The galactic bulge is visible and the galaxy appears three dimensional. Globular star clusters such as M4, M5, M15, and M22 are all distinct naked-eye objects, as is Galaxy M31. Galaxy M33 is easy to see with averted vision. The naked-eye magnitude is 6.6 to 7.0.

Class 2 – Typical Truly Dark Skies – The Conecuh National Forest, and a rough north – south corridor covering central Dallas, Wilcox and Monroe County, curving west and southwestward over Wilcox County. Roland Cooper State Park in Wilcox County is within this area. Highway AL10 from Greenville to Pineapple and County Road 106 from Georgiana to the intersection of County Roads 47 & 83 cut though this area. The small unincorporated communities of Carlowville on County Road 89 in Dallas County, Snow Hill & Furman on County Road 21 in Wilcox County, sit nestled near the center of this corridor. This isn’t in the Middle Of Nowhere, but you can see it from there.

There are no light domes on the horizon, Airglow, a glow in the night sky caused by radiation from the upper atmosphere, may be weakly apparent along the horizon. Clouds and surroundings are barely visible. Any clouds in the sky are visible only as dark holes or voids in the starry background and your surroundings are seen only vaguely, except where they project against the sky. The zodiacal light can be annoyingly bright, able to cast weak shadows just before dawn and after dusk, and its color can be seen as distinctly yellowish when compared with the blue-white of the Milky Way. The Gegenschein, a faint light about 20° across in the night sky opposite the sun, probably caused by backscatter of sunlight by dust in the solar system, is visible. The summer Milky Way is highly structured to the unaided eye, and its brightest parts look like veined marble when viewed with ordinary binoculars. The rising Milky Way is so bright that it has confused some into thinking it’s dawn, and like Zodiacal light, it can cast faint shadows on white objects. The Milky Way has faint lateral extensions making it’s bulge 50° thick. Galaxy M33 is easily seen. The maximum naked-eye magnitude is as faint as 7.1 to 7.5.

Class 2 sites are almost as good as Class 1 sites, with only a slight increase in skyglow.

Intermediate between Class 2 & 1, the closest area to Alabama is the Apalachicola National Forest in Florida, on an east-west line from Sumatra to Sopchoppy or between Apalachicola and Tallahassee.

Class 1 – Excellent, Truly Dark Skies – The western deserts and 300 miles and beyond south of Gulf Shores.

Class 1 skies are theoretically darkest terrestrial skies, limited only by airglow, starlight and the bright glare from Jupiter and Venus, which spoil can spoil your night vision. Airglow is readily apparent, as is the colorful zodiacal light and it’s extension the zodiacal band, which spans the entire sky. If you are observing on a grass covered field bordered by trees, your surroundings are almost totally invisible, close objects being only indistinct silhouettes. The Milky Way’s core in Scorpius and Sagittarius casts obvious diffuse shadows on the ground. Both Galaxies M31, M33 and numerous star clusters and nebulae are easily visible to the unaided eye. The maximum naked-eye magnitude is as faint as 7.6 or fainter.

The only more pristine skies to be found are those seen from the International Space Station and the Tiangong Space Station, which are above the Airglow and the pollution and turbulence of the atmosphere.

To see your locations condition, see:

Map – Dark Site Finder
Alabama Dark Sky Parks & Places | Stargazing & Astrotourism
Stellarium Web Online Star Map

The best times for observing the central regions of the Milky Way are moonless nights, either before moonrise, after moonset or during a New Moon, between March and October, with July, August and September being the prime time as the Milky Way will be vertical as opposed to crooked in the sky.

During the winter months, though the stars of the constellations are brighter, the parts of the Mily Way you will see are looking towards the outer arms of the galaxy, since the Earth will be facing away from the center. It’s still worth looking at though.

When you go stargazing, let your eyes adjust to the dark for several minutes, 30 minutes is best. If you use a light, use a red filter as it won’t spoil your “night vision”. There are few things in life that are more annoying than having your eyes dark adapted and having some dolt shine a flashlight in your eyes or having a cars headlights blinding you. Then you must start the adaptation process all over again.

The term “averted vision” was used starting with Class 7 skies. If you look slightly above or to the sides a diffuse object, such as a galaxy or nebula instead of looking directly using the center of your vision, it will appear brighter. This is called the “averted vision”.

This technique helps overcome a quirk in the human eye. The center of our eyes has virtually no rods, the cells that detect dim light in black and white. This situation results in a decrease in visual sensitivity in central vision at night.

The density of the rod cells usually reaches a maximum around 20 degrees off the center of vision, so as you look away, dim objects will suddenly brighten or pop into view.

So, since we know where to go and what to do, lets grab the Sasquatch and mosquito repellent and go stargazing!

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Mark’s Almanac

The tenth Month, October is so named because it is the eighth month on the Roman calendar. To the Slavs of Eastern Europe it is called “yellow month,” from the fading of the leaves, while to the Anglo-Saxons it was known as Winterfylleth, because at this full moon (fylleth) winter was supposed to begin.

By whichever name you call it, October is a mild and dry month, the driest of the year, in fact. And it is a sunny month with the amount of possible sunshine reaching the ground in the 60% or greater range.

Weather shifts from autumn pattern to revisiting the summer pattern and back again. The Azores-Bermuda High shifts eastward into the Atlantic, but leaves weakened high pressure centers over the Virginias, which still try to block out approaching fronts.

October is usually a quite month for tornadoes, with a 40% decrease in activity. Nationwide an average of 28 tornadoes occur in October, and those tornadoes are usually weak.

Our hurricane threat continues, with hurricane activity increasing during the first half of the month, concentrating in the Caribbean, both from formation in the Caribbean and from the long track Cape Verde hurricanes, which enter the Caribbean. And, we still have the little “gifts” that the Gulf of Mexico occasionally will provide.

Florida, due to its low latitude, and the way it projects into the ocean separating the Atlantic and The Gulf makes it especially vulnerable to hurricanes. From 1851 – 2024, Florida there have been 35 October hurricane landfalls, nearly triple the next highest state – Louisiana, which has had 12. About 60 percent of all U.S. hurricanes that made landfall after September 26 have done so in Florida. One factor being the cold fronts of Fall penetrating the Gulf and then deflecting storms towards the west coast of Florida.

Luckily after the second half of the month activity will begin a steady decrease.

28% of the year’s hurricanes occur in October.

From 1851 – 2024 there have been 367 Tropical Storms and 222 hurricanes, 60 of which made landfall in the United States.

Some notable October hurricanes are:

The Great Hurricane of 1780, also known as Huracán San Calixto, the Great Hurricane of the Antilles, and the 1780 Disaster, the deadliest Atlantic hurricane, which killed between 20,000 to 22, 000 people in the Lesser Antilles as it passed through from October 10 – 16, 1780. It is possible that it had winds in excess of 200 MPH when it reached Barbados.

Hurricane Hazel struck the Carolinas in 1954. Weather satellites did not yet exist, and the Hurricane Hunters were unable to observe the core of the storm until it neared land on October 15. Hazel made landfall just west of the North Carolina/South Carolina border slightly northeast of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina with a Category 4 intensity of 130 mph.

Hurricane Wilma still holds the record as the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic Basin. In 24 hours, Wilma went from a Category 1 storm on October 18 to a Category 5 storm with 185 MPH Maximum Sustained Winds and a Minimum Pressure of 882 millibars or 26.05 inches. She weakened to Category 4 and struck the Yucatan, then restrengthened and struck Cape Romano Florida as a Category 3 storm on October 24, 2005.

Hurricane Mitch became a Category 1 hurricane on October 24, 1998, and within 48 hours grew to Category 5 intensity, and though he weakened to Category 1 before making landfall, he became the second deadliest hurricane on record killing over 11,000, with nearly that number missing in Central America due to intense rainfall and mudslides. He would eventually reach the United States making landfall near Naples Florida on November 5.

Hurricane Michael formed near the Yucatan Peninsula on October 7, 2018, and in 72 hours grew from a Tropical Depression to a Category 5 hurricane striking Mexico Beach Florida.

Hurricane Milton became a Category 1 Hurricane on October 6, 2024, and explosively strengthened to a 180 MPH Category 5 the next day. He weakened to a 115 MPH Category 3 storm as he struck Fiesta Key, near Sarasota Florida on October 10.

Beware of October hurricanes, for as Wilma, Mitch, Michael and Milton have demonstrated, they can experience explosive growth.

October Tropical Cyclone Breeding Grounds

This is the month for Alabama’s version of “Indian Summer’s” arrival.

Technically speaking Indian Summer doesn’t occur until “Squaw Winter” or the first frost arrives, but exact date when Indian Summer arrives varies with latitude.

We live in Alabama, and while the earliest frosts have been known to occur by October 17, they usually wait until November. So, we, in our milder climate call the first warm up after the first cool down “Indian Summer”.

The Yellow Giant Sulphur Butterflies are very noticeable as they continue to drift South-Southeast on their migration towards Florida. They prefer red things & if you have red flowers, they will zero in on them.

The Monarchs also will be seen gliding by in their migration towards Central America.

Fall colors will become prominent and by late October though early November the leaves will be reaching their peak fall colors.

Days rapidly grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 53.2 degrees at the beginning of the month to 42.3 degrees at the months end. Daylight decreases 58 minutes from 11 hours 52 minutes on October 1 to 10 hours 53 minutes on October 31.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

October 1 Sunrise 6:40 AM Sunset 6:32 PM
October 15 Sunrise 6:51 AM Sunset 6:14 PM
October 31 Sunrise 7:04 AM Sunset 5:57 PM

Looking skyward, the Sun, magnitude -26.7 is in Virgo, The Virgin.

Mercury, magnitude -0.2 in Libra, The Scales, is hidden in the glow of the Sun.

Venus, magnitude -3.9 in Virgo, The Virgin, is a predawn object moving ever closer to the Sun.

At the first of the month, she will rise at 4:44 AM CDT – 1 hour and 55 minutes before the Sun and reach an altitude of 19° above the eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks around 6:23 AM CDT.

Venus will reach her closest distance to the Sun, or Perihelion, on October 5.

At midmonth she will rise at 5:11 AM CDT – 1 hour and 38 minutes before the Sun and reach an altitude of 16° above the eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:34 AM CDT.

At month’s end she will rise at 5:42 AM CDT – 1 hour and 20 minutes before the Sun and reach an altitude of 12° above the eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:47 AM CDT.

Earth, magnitude -4.0 as viewed from the Sun, and her Moon, is in the Cetus, The Sea Serpent.

Mars, magnitude +1.5, with his Moons Phobos and Deimos in Libra, The Scales, is hidden in the glow of the Sun.

Dwarf Planet Ceres, magnitude +7.7, is in Cetus, The Sea Monster.

Jupiter, magnitude –2.1, and his 97 moons and (invisible from Earth) ring, in Gemini, The Twins,
is a morning object.

At the first of the month, he rises at 12:36 AM CDT, and reaches an altitude of 69° above the south-eastern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:23 AM CDT.

By midmonth he rises at 11:48 PM CDT, and reaches an altitude of 77° above the southern horizon before fading from view as dawn breaks at around 6:34 AM CDT.

At months end he comes visible around 11:35 PM CDT, when he reaches an altitude of 7° above the eastern horizon. He will then reach his highest point in the sky at 5:53 AM CDT, 77° above the southern horizon. He will be lost in the dawn twilight around 6:47 AM CDT, 72° above the south-western horizon.

Saturn, magnitude +0.7, and his 274 moons and extensive debris ring system, in Aquarius, The Water Bearer, is an evening object.

At the first of the month, he becomes visible around 7:01 PM CDT, 11° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 11:56 PM CDT, 53° above the southern horizon. It will continue to be observable until around 4:53 AM CDT, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he becomes visible around 6:44 AM CDT, 19° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 10:58 PM, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 3:53 AM CDT, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

At month’s end he becomes visible around 6:38 PM CDT at an altitude of 28° above the south-eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 9:51 PM CDT, 52° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 2:45 AM CDT, when he sinks below 11° above the western horizon.

Uranus, magnitude +5.6, and his 29 moons and ring, in Taurus, The Bull, is a morning object.

At the first of the month, he becomes visible around 8:52 PM CDT, when he reaches an altitude of 21° above the eastern horizon. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 4:00 AM CDT, 76° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 5:40 AM CDT, 64° above the south-western horizon.

By midmonth he becomes visible around 9:55 PM CDT, when he reaches an altitude of 21° above the eastern horizon. he will reach his highest point in the sky at 3:04 AM, 76° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 5:50 AM, 50° above the western horizon.

At months end he becomes visible around 8:50 PM CDT, when he reaches an altitude of 21° above the eastern horizon. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 1:59 AM CDT, 76° above the southern horizon. He will be lost to dawn twilight around 6:02 AM CDT, 34° above the western horizon.

Neptune, magnitude 7.7, and his 16 moons and ring, is in Pisces, The Fish, is visible using a telescope in the evening sky.

At the first of the month, he becomes visible at 7:59 PM CDT at an altitude of 21° above the eastern horizon and reaches an altitude of 55° above the southern horizon at 12:09 AM CDT and fades into the dawn twilight around 4:18 AM CDT, 31° above the western horizon.

By midmonth he becomes visible at 7:11 PM CDT, 24° above the eastern horizon, as dusk fades to darkness. He will reach his highest point in the sky at 11:08 PM CDT, 55° above the southern horizon. He will continue to be observable until around 3:18 AM CDT, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

At months end he becomes visible, at 6:55 PM CDT at an altitude of 33° above the south-eastern horizon and reaches an altitude of 55° above the southern horizon at 10:04 PM CDT and will continue to be observable until around 2:13 AM CDT, when he sinks below 21° above the western horizon.

Pluto, the largest Dwarf Planet, with his five moons shines at a dim 14.5 in Capricornus, The Sea Goat.

Dwarf Planet 136108 Haumea, her ring and moons Hiʻiaka and Namaka, shines at a faint magnitude of 17.3 in Bootes, The Herdsman.

Dwarf Planet 136472 Makemake with his moon S/2015 (136472) 1, nicknamed MK1 by the discovery team, shines faintly at magnitude +17.1 in Coma Berenices.

Dwarf Planet 136199 Eris, the second largest Dwarf Planet, and her moon Dysnomia, originally referred to as Xena and Gabrielle, is barely visible in the most powerful telescopes at magnitude +18.6 in Cetus the Sea Monster.

At least seven additional bodies with the preliminary criteria for identifying dwarf planets, and though not “officially” declared as such, are generally called dwarf planets by astronomers as well.

90482 Orcus, and his moon Vanth shines at magnitude 19.1 near Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

50000 Quaoar, his two rings and his moon Waywot shines at magnitude +18.6 in Orion, The Hunter.

90377 Sedna, the coldest, and at one time, the most distant known place in the Solar System, glows faintly at magnitude +20.8 in Taurus, The Bull.

225088 Gonggong, the third largest Dwarf Planet, originally nicknamed Snow White by the discovery team, and his moon Xiangli glows dimly at +21.5 magnitude in Pegasus, The Winged Horse.

2014 UZ224 nicknamed “DeeDee” for “Distant Dwarf” is 8.5 billion miles from the Sun, at magnitude +23.0 in Eridanus, The River.

120347 Salacia, and her moon Actaea glows at magnitude 20.7 in Hydra, The Sea Serpent. Salacia is considered a “borderline” Dwarf Planet. Some astronomers saying she “most certainly is a Dwarf Planet”, while others disagreeing based on her size, saying she is too small to have compressed into
a fully solid body, to have been resurfaced, or to have collapsed into “hydrostatic equilibrium”, that is to assume spherical shape like a planet.

“Dwarf Planet Candidate” 2017 OF201, magnitude 23.2 is in the constellation Triangulum, the Triangle.

Currently the most distant observable known object in the Solar System, an asteroid unofficially called Asteroid 2018 AG37, and nicknamed FarFarOut, glows at a barely detectable +25.5 magnitude in Lynx.

FarFarOut is currently 12,361,431,335 miles or in Light Time, 18 hours, 25 minutes and 58 seconds from Earth.

The most distant man-made object, Voyager 1, still operating after 48 years, 14 month and 7 days is 15,656,667,801 miles, or in Light Time, 23 hours, 20 minutes 48 Seconds from Earth as of 3:01 PM CDT, September 19, 2025, sailing 38,027 miles per hour through Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer.

Near Earth Object, asteroid 99942 Apophis, is expected to pass within 19,794 miles of the Earth on Friday, April 13, 2029.

Apophis, magnitude +21.2, in Virgo, The Virgin, is 185724785 miles or 1303 days from the Earth as of 3:11 PM CDT, September 19, 2025.

Asteroid 2024 YR4, which will pass though the Earth – Moon system on Wednesday, December 22, 2032, dimly glows at magnitude +29.7, in Virgo, The Virgin. It currently is 378,128,373 miles or 2756 days from the Earth as of 3:17 PM CDT, September 19, 2025.

There are 1,463,453 known asteroids and 4,034 comets as of September 19, 2025, per NASA/JPL Solar Dynamics Website

6,007 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of September 17, 2025 per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive.

October’s Full Moon will occur October 6. The Moon will be directly opposite the Earth from the Sun and will be fully illuminated. This phase occurs at 10:49 PM CDT or 03:49 UTC October 7. This full moon was known by early Native American tribes as the Full Hunters Moon because at this time of year the leaves are falling, and the game is fat and ready to hunt. This moon has also been known as the Travel Moon and the Blood Moon.

This is the first of three Supermoons for 2025. The Moon will be near its closest approach to the Earth and may look slightly larger and brighter than usual.

During a Full Moon, the Moon’s magnitude is -12.7.

The Draconid Meteor Shower will peak on October 7. This minor shower, which produces only 10 meteors per hour, is produced by dust grains left behind by Comet 21P Giacobini-Zinner, which was discovered in 1900. This shower, which runs from October 6 – 10, is unusual in that it is best observed in the early evening, instead of the early morning hours as with most other showers.

Unfortunately, the glare from the nearly full moon will block most of the meteors this year. Best viewing will be in the early evening from a dark location far away from city lights. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Draco, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Perigee or her closest approach to Earth on October 8, when she will be 223,581 miles from Earth.

Last Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Eastern side illuminated, will occur on October 13 at 1:14 PM CDT or 06:14 UTC.

During a Quarter Moon the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

New Moon will occur at 7:25 AM CDT or 12:25 UTC on October 21. The Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

This New Moon occurs near Apogee, or the Moon’s farthest point from the Earth, so this will be a Micromoon. A Micromoon is the opposite of a Supermoon. Where a Supermoon appears slightly larger than normal, a Micromoon, if it were visible, would appear smaller.

The Orionid Meteor Shower peaks on October 21 & 22. The Orionids is an average shower producing up to 20 meteors per hour at its peak This shower, which runs from October 2 to November 7, is produced by the broad debris trail of Halley’s Comet.

This is an great year for the Orionids, as the moon will be absent all night long, leaving dark skies for what should be an excellent show. Best viewing will be from a dark location after midnight. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Orion, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on October 23, when she will be 252,553 miles from Earth.

First Quarter Moon, or when the moon has only the Western side illuminated, will occur October 29 at 11:22 AM CDT or 16:22 UTC.

During the Quarter Moon, the Moon’s magnitude is -10.0.

Astronomers are watching a comet, Comet C/2025 A6 (Lemmon), which was discovered in January. The comet is currently in the dawn sky in Lynx, at magnitude 8.

During August it brightened quickly from magnitude 16.5 to 11 (the lower the number, the brighter).
Japanese comet expert Seiichi Yoshida estimates that if Comet Lemmon continues this trend, it might reach magnitude 5 or 4, which means it could become visible to the naked eye from dark sites. Or it could only be a temporary outburst, and some say it will only reach magnitude 7.5. This means it would be a good object for small telescopes in dark skies, but would not reach naked eye visibility.

On October 11 the comet will be located below the ladle of the Big Dipper in the northeastern sky after sunset. As the nights progress it will drift westward and by the 21st, it will be the closest to the Earth and will be behind the Big Dipper, looking Northwest towards the bright star Arcturus and then head towards the setting Sun. Will it be spectacular or just a fuzzy blob in binoculars? Only time will tell.

But that’s not all folks, there is a second comet!

On September 10, 2025, Vladimir Bezugly of Dnipro, Ukraine was examining low resolution online images from the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) camera on the Solar and Heliospheric Observer (SOHO) spacecraft and discovered a moving object, resembling a bright blob, close to the Sun. That blob has turned out to be comet C/2025 R2 (SWAN).

Brightness forecasts issued by Seiichi Yoshida and Dutch comet expert Gideon Van Buitenen indicate that the comet will peak somewhere between magnitude +6 and +7, probably placing it just out of naked-eye visibility under dark, moonless skies. But, good binoculars should bring it into view.

Daniel W.E. Green at the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams suggests that comet SWAN will hover near magnitude of +6, from Oct. 2 to 20, and perhaps becoming a few tenths of a magnitude brighter for a few days around Oct. 12, meaning it might become faintly visible with the unaided eye.
Comet SWAN will slowly climb in the southwest sky during the first ten days of October, reaching an altitude of 12 degrees above the horizon at the end of evening twilight, about 90 minutes after sunset.

By October 28, the comet will have climbed to 30 degrees above the south-southwest horizon by nightfall and by Oct. 25 it will stand halfway up in the southern sky when twilight ends, and not set until after midnight.

During October, Comet SWAN will move along a path taking it across the constellations of Libra, Scorpius, Ophiuchus, Serpens, Scutum, Sagittarius, Aquila and Aquarius.

Give these comets a try!

As you look at the October night skies, take a peek at the rich star clouds of the Milky Way in Cygnus as she crosses the zenith. These will appear as a ghostly band overhead in the hour after nightfall is complete. The Milky Way now rises straight up from the southwest horizon, passes overhead, and runs straight down to the northeast.

Later at midnight, Orion the Hunter and the stars of winter rise over the eastern horizon, reminding us to enjoy the mild weather while it is here, for this season, as all seasons, is but a fleeting moment in the never-ending waltz of time.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

This month’s meeting will be on October 14 at 7 PM at the NWS Forecast Office in Calera.

Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter