Hi everyone,

I hope this finds you well.

The colors of Fall are brightening all around us, which is one of the “treats” of the seasons.
The “trick” of the season is that we have now entered our second tornado season.

This is a good time to review your emergency plans and check your emergency equipment.

Are you still ready?

Ask yourselves these simple questions.

Can you receive weather warnings? This includes at home, at work and on the road, even with a power outage.

The best methods for receiving warnings are NOAA Weather Radio, apps from local news outlets and on Social Media following the National Weather Service directly.

Other sources, such as Facebook blurbs and depending on sirens are not good choices. Sirens can fail, either due to storm damage or a power failure and those Facebook blurbs may be anywhere from an hour to a week old. I don’t care who puts the information out. Check the dates and verify the NWS products being issued for your area using directly from the NWS.

Have multiple methods. Have backups of backups.

Do you have a place where you can take shelter at home, at work or on the road?

And, if a tornado strikes near you, do you know what to do?

Is your emergency equipment still ready? This includes radios, supplies, kits and tools.

These are questions that need to be asked and any necessary corrective actions taken.

You and your family’s life depend on it. For though ALERT responds to the NWS to take storm reports, our primary responsibility is to take care of ourselves, our families and then our community.

So take time to learn about disaster preparedness. Think about what you will do if “it” happens to you. Educate your family, friends, coworkers and neighbors as to what they can do and why they should prepare also.

If your message seems to meet unreceptive ears, don’t worry. Those little seeds of knowledge can grow into large trees. Knowledge saves lives.

Saving lives is what we are in “the business” for.

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Amateur Radio Callsign Databases

Over the years Hams have always been interested in researching other hams locations or mailing addresses. The primary reasons being to send a QSL card and hopefully obtain one in return or for those seeking a vanity call to see if a certain callsign is currently in use.

I will mention that there are now those who are concerned, if not paranoid, about people being able to look up their callsign and finding their location. The truth is that that cat has long been out of the bag, as we have left and are leaving a “digital fingerprint” the size of Texas.

Whether it is Twitter posts, Instagram pictures or Facebook comments, reactions and group memberships, anything you post, even if you delete it is “out there” somewhere on some server and subject to resurfacing at the most inopportune moments, which is why I WILL NOT be running for President in 2020. Though I do appreciate donations you have made.

Some of the same ones so worried about random people looking them up are the same ones who will readily post the most intimate details of their lives online. After all we are all “friends” right?

But, is that “friend” you befriended really the same friend you knew in High School, or has life and life choices changed them into sketchy strangers that you would never for a moment consider injecting into your and your families lives “if only you had known”?

These days you don’t need to hire a Private Investigator to “profile” someone or “case out the joint”. Just “friend” someone up on Facebook and then dig into what they have put posted online for the world to see. In short order you will learn who they are, where they are, where they work, where they went to school, their political leanings, hobbies, interests, financial, physical and medical conditions, the make-up of their family, including that 16 year old Patricia is a cheerleader at Sunnydale School, but, that closest family friends call her “Trixie”, and that you will be out of town in Arizona next week.

This is why one should be exceedingly careful what they put online, for there are creepers creeping out there. Plus it takes all the fun out of gossiping, after all, all the dirty laundry is now posted proudly for the entire world to see.

So in reality callsign lookups are very the least of our worries.

Just because it’s late as I write this and since it is crossing my mind, do you know where the term “letting the cat out of the bag” comes from?

In the Middle Ages people would go to the market in town and purchase produce and livestock. Piglets were sold and carried home in sacks called “pokes”, which is where “pig in a poke” comes from. Some unscrupulous merchants would put a stray cat in the poke instead and the farmer would not realize it until he reached home, opened the sack and quite literally “let the cat out of the bag”.

Most hams are aware of how to look up a callsign, the primary methods being sites such as:

https://www.qrz.com/lookup/
http://www.arrl.org/advanced-call-sign-search
https://www.qth.com/callsign.php

The most reliable method for US callsigns is from the FCC itself:

https://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/searchAmateur.jsp

With this you can look up information using the callsign, FRN number or for a “fuzzy search”, the licensee name.

It pays to check the status your callsign and licenses now and then to make sure they aren’t about to expire. I say licenses because many hams have a ham license, radiotelephone license or a GMRS license among others.
Often on online ham radio forums there are questions about how one can look up old callsigns or callsign histories.

In the “old days” hams would use a “Callbook” to look up ham’s addresses. Callbooks were basically telephone book like directories of callsigns and addresses. There was a domestic and a DX edition. For many of the new hams, including myself, they were not particularly affordable and if we were lucky we would know someone with patience and deeper pockets that would look up some calls for you.

The Callbook, which began publication in 1920, is still in existence, now in CD-Rom and USB Stick format. For more information see http://callbook.biz/.

For older Callbooks, including those from 1933 to 1997, Callbooks from the US Department of Commerce published from 1913 to 1932 and the granddaddy of the all, the 1909 to 1911 Wireless Association Of America, Wireless Blue Book, go to https://archive.org/details/callbook.

Thumbing through old call books is like a journey through time as you see callsigns of hams you talked to over the years, and remember the early years of your ham “career”.

That, and looking through old handwritten logbooks.

Often new hams will ask “what logging programs do you use?” Older hams, sometimes derisively called “Gray Beards” often say “pen and paper”. It really isn’t meant as a snarky response. When I look through my old logs and the notes written in the margins I see the journey of a young ham named Mark. His first shaky contacts, comments about tests taken, tests passed, tests failed and tests taken again. That first DX contact to Germany, that first time checking in to a CW net, becoming a Net Control Station, then a Net Manager, and so forth.

So whether you have been a ham a week or half a century or more, even if you use the best logging program available, consider writing it down also. Let it become your ham radio diary.

You will discover that your history is a history worth remembering.

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Mark’s Almanac

With the arrival of November we enter our second tornado season. Alabama and the Southeast are “blessed” by being the only area on Earth having two tornado seasons. The cause of the second season is the same as the spring season – clashes of cold and warm air masses. The cold air of winter is invading and trying to push the warmth of the summer back into the sea, which is the same process of springtime.

This second season is often more destructive than the spring season. From 1950 to 2018 there have been 275 November tornadoes in Alabama resulting in 52 fatalities and 1069 injuries. The third largest tornado outbreak occurred on November 24 – 25 2001 when 36 tornadoes occurred and 21 tornadoes occurred during the outbreak of November 23 – 24 2004.

November was Alabama’s leading tornado month from 2001 to 2011 until the dual outbreaks of April 15 and April 27 2011 erased that record.

So beware of a warm & muggy November day. Especially one with a south wind, as something may really be “in the air”.

The Hurricane threat greatly diminishes, with hurricane activity occurring mainly in the open Atlantic, threatening the Eastern Seaboard, but usually veering off into sea as cold fronts off the East Coast deflect them. Hurricanes can still form in the Caribbean, which usually visit the Yucatan, but can enter the Gulf.

From 1851 – 2018 there have been 99 Tropical Storms and 47 hurricanes, 5 of which made landfall in the United States.

Some notable November hurricanes are:

The 1932 Cuba hurricane, known also as the Hurricane of Santa Cruz del Sur or the 1932 Camagüey Hurricane. Although forming as a tropical depression on October 30, it became the only Category 5 Atlantic hurricane ever recorded in November, and was the deadliest and one of the most intense tropical cyclones in Cuban history. On November 6, the tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity as a Category 5 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph. The storm weakened to Category 4 intensity as it came ashore in Cuba’s Camagüey Province on November 9 with winds of 150 mph. The storm took 3,033 lives.

Hurricane Ida, in 2009 was the strongest land falling tropical cyclone during the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season. Ida formed on November 4 in the southwestern Caribbean, and within 24 hours struck the Nicaragua coast with winds of 80 mph. It weakened significantly over land, although it restrengthened in the Yucatán Channel to peak winds of 105 mph. Ida weakened and became an extratropical cyclone in the northern Gulf of Mexico before spreading across the southeastern United States. The remnants of Ida contributed to the formation of a nor’easter that significantly affected the eastern coast of the United States.

1985’s Hurricane Kate was the latest Hurricane in any calendar year to strike the United States.
Kate formed on November, 15 and reached hurricane intensity on November 16, and reached Category 2 intensity three days later. Kate struck the northern coast of Cuba on November 19. Once clear of land, she strengthened quickly, becoming a Category 3 storm and reached its peak intensity of 120 mph. On November 21 Kate came ashore near Mexico Beach, Florida, as Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph.

Hurricane Lenny, or Wrong Way Lenny, occurred in 1999. It is the second-strongest November Atlantic hurricane on record, behind the 1932 Cuba hurricane. Lenny formed on November 13 in the western Caribbean Sea and moved retrograde from the West to East passing South of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. He reached hurricane status south of Jamaica on November 15 and rapidly intensified over the northeastern Caribbean on November 17, attaining peak winds of 155 mph near Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands. It gradually weakened while moving through the Leeward Islands, eventually dissipating on November 23 over the open Atlantic Ocean.

1994’s Hurricane Gordon claimed 1122 lives in Haiti when it passed just west of the country as a tropical storm on November 13, 1994.

Figure 2 – November Tropical Cyclone Breeding Grounds

Both the Atlantic and Pacific Hurricane seasons ends November 30.

Days rapidly grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 40.9 degrees at the beginning of the month to 34.8 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight decreases from 10 hours 40 minutes on November 1 to 10 hours 07 minutes on November 30.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

November 1 Sunrise 7:06 AM Sunset 5:55 PM
November 15 Sunrise 6:19 AM Sunset 4:45 PM – After Daylight Savings Time Ends
November 31 Sunrise 6:33 AM Sunset 4:39 PM

The blooms of summer have faded, but you may find yourself still sneezing, due to ragweed and mold.

Mold is a fall allergy trigger. You may think of mold growing in your basement or bathroom – damp areas in the house – but mold spores also love wet spots outside. Piles of damp leaves are ideal breeding grounds for mold.

Oh, and did I mention dust mites? While they are common during the humid summer months, they can get stirred into the air the first time you turn on your heat in the fall. Dust mites can trigger sneezes, wheezes, and runny noses.

November welcomes the peak of fall colors. For Birmingham the peak occurs around November 15, but the date can vary depending on your elevation & latitude.

Indian Summer and Squaw Winter continue to battle it out, but the cool or cold weather will eventually win, with the first average frost being on November 11.

The usual fall effects occur in North America with Canada’s Hudson Bay becoming unnavigable due to pack ice & icebergs. Navigation in the Great Lakes becomes perilous due to storms bringing the “Gales Of November” made famous in the Gordon Lightfoot song “The Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald”.

And, don’t be surprised if you hear ducks overhead & see wedges of Canadian geese heading south for the winter. And if you see strange birds appearing in your front yard, remember that for 336 species of birds Alabama IS south for the winter.

Looking towards the sky, at the beginning of the month Mercury, magnitude 0.0, is very low in bright twilight after sunset.

He is sinking towards the horizon and will disappear shortly.

On November 11 Mercury will be at “Inferior Conjunction” or directly between the Earth and the Sun.
On this occasion there will be a transit of Mercury across the Sun. A Transit it basically the same process as an eclipse, but Mercury being much more distant will appear as a dark spot crossing the face of the Sun.

This transit will be visible throughout all of South America and Central America, Eastern North America, Mexico, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.

In central Alabama first contact will occur at 12:36 UTC or 6:36 AM CST, maximum transit will occur at 15:20 UTC or 9:20 AM CST and last contact will be at 18:04 UTC or 12:04 PM CST. Due to the viewing angle and orbital tracks of the Earth and Mercury, the path will follow a broad horseshoe pattern as Mercury crosses the Sun. Other locations on the globe will have differing tracks.

Observers with telescopes and approved solar filters will be able to observe the dark disk of Mercury moving across the face of the Sun. Some sources say it is not visible without a telescope; however I have seen Mercurial transits before without optical aids.

Treat this the same way you would a solar eclipse, in other words do not try to observe this without a solar filter. Otherwise you may not be able to observing anything at all for a long, long time.

This is an extremely rare event that occurs only once every few years. The next transit of Mercury will not take place until 2032.

Mercury will be at his the closest distance to the Sun or Perihelion on November 16.

On November 28 Mercury will reach “Greatest Western Elongation”, or his highest point above the horizon, in this case 20.1 degrees from the Sun. This is the best time to view Mercury since it will be at its highest point above the horizon in the morning sky. Look for the planet low in the eastern sky just before sunrise.

Venus is very low in bright twilight after sunset at the beginning of the month and slowly rises in the night sky as the month progresses to become the brilliant “Evening Star”.

We often take for granted that Venus is one of the most constant fixtures in our night sky, shining brightly in the mornings and evenings. Venus occasionally becomes the third brightest object in the sky after the sun and moon. It is no wonder that some look with worry at this strange “UFO”.

Mars, magnitude +1.8, in Virgo, is just above the east horizon in early dawn.

Jupiter, magnitude –1.9, in southern Ophiuchus, is the creamy-white dot low in the southwest as twilight fades.

On November 24 Jupiter and Venus will sit together in the evening sky in “conjunction”. The two bright planets will be visible within 1.4 degrees of each other in the evening sky. Look for this impressive sight in the western sky just after sunset. So now the worrisome among us will have two “UFOs” to ponder upon.

Just to make things prettier, the thin crescent Moon will join the pair as she passes close to Jupiter on November 28.

Saturn, magnitude +0.6, in Sagittarius, is the steady yellow “star” in the south-southwest during and after dusk.

The Moon will pass near him on the 2nd and 29th.

Uranus, magnitude 5.7, in southern Aries, is well up in the east by 9 PM and highest in the south around midnight or 1 AM.

Neptune, magnitude 7.8, in eastern Aquarius, is high in the southern evening.

The Taurid Meteor Shower will occur November 5 & 6. The Taurids is a long-running minor meteor shower producing only about 5-10 meteors per hour. It is unusual in that it consists of two separate streams. The first is produced by dust grains left behind by Asteroid 2004 TG10. The second stream is produced by debris left behind by Comet 2P Encke.

The shower runs annually from September 7 to December 10. It peaks this year on the night of November 5. The first quarter moon will set shortly after midnight leaving dark skies for viewing. Best viewing will be just after midnight from a dark location far away from city lights. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Taurus, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on November 6, when she will be 251692 miles from Earth.

Full Moon will occur at 13:36 UTC or 7:36 AM CST November 12. November’s Full Moon is called “Beaver Moon” in Native American folklore, because this was the time of year to set the beaver traps before the swamps and rivers froze. It has also been known as the Frosty Moon and the Hunter’s Moon.

The annual Leonid meteor shower occurs from November 6 – 30 and peaks on the night of November 17 & the morning of the 18th. Though the Leonids are an “average shower”, producing only an average of 15 meteors per hour, they are well known for producing bright meteors and fireballs.

This shower is also unique in that it has a cyclonic peak about every 33 years where hundreds of meteors per hour can be seen. That last of these occurred in 2001. The Leonids are produced by dust grains left behind by Comet Tempel-Tuttle, which was discovered in 1865.

Its productivity varies per year, but it can deposit 12 to 13 tons of particles across the planet. Which is why having an atmosphere to shield us is such a nifty thing.

The second quarter moon will block many of the fainter meteors this year, but if you are patient you should be able to catch quite a few of the brightest ones. Best viewing will be from a dark location after midnight. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Leo, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth on November 22, when she will be 227,870 miles from Earth.

New Moon will occur November 26. The Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This phase occurs at 15:06 UTC or 9:06 AM CST. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

4084 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of October 24, per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/.

Finally, don’t forget to set your clocks back one hour at 2 AM, Sunday morning November 3th, as Daylight Savings Time ends and the clock goes back to the way the Good Lord intended.

Look up Hezekiah 4:7, I dare you.

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This month’s meeting will be on November 12 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

If for some reason you cannot attend the meeting in person, you can still participate via telephone. The NEW teleconference number is 1-866-231-8384 & and the conference code is
2056215645#.

Don’t use the old number given in previous newsletters. It won’t work.
Hope to see you there!
Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter
wd4nyl@bellsouth.net

Mark’s Weatherlynx
Weather Resource Database
www.freewebs.com/weatherlynx/

Hi everyone and welcome to the October ALERT Newsletter.

Fall has arrived and with it we can look forward to the changing of the fall leaves, the occasional nip in the air, and the Hobgoblins that will visit us at the end of the month.

October is a fun time of the year, usually being not too hot and not too cold – the “Goldilocks” of seasons.

It is a time to enjoy fall football, the baseball playoffs and the last outdoor adventures of the year.

Here is hoping that you enjoy the days that this season brings, and the pretty weather October brings. letting you rest before the storms of Fall.

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Birmingham NWS Fall 2019 Spotter Courses

The Birmingham NWS office will present several online Basic Spotter Courses and a single Advanced Spotter Course this fall. These online classes allow individuals to complete the course(s) in the comfort of their own home or office with the use of https://www.join.me/ meeting site.

By attending any course, which runs about 2 hours, individuals or a group of individuals will become SKYWARN Spotters.

Unless you are in need of or just want to attend a refresher Course, you do not need to attend more than one Basic SKYWARN Course, as the material covered is the same; however it is required you to attend at least one Basic SKYWARN Course before taking the Advanced SKYWARN Course.

These courses are two-way, meaning you will be able to interact with the meteorologist leading the training. You will be muted while training is in-progress, and unmuted when applicable (e.g., for questions); or, you can use the built-in chat feature.

The current schedule is as follows:

Basic Class Tuesday, October 1 at 1:00 PM Online Use Session Code 311-943-999
Basic Class Thursday, October 3 at 6:30 PM Online Use Session Code 450-865-396
Basic Class Tuesday, October 8 at 6:30 PM Online Use Session Code 207-142-069
Basic Class Thursday, October 17 at 6:30 PM Online Use Session Code 487-062-501
Basic Class Thursday, October 24 at 1:00 PM Online Use Session Code 319-671-009
Basic Class Monday, October 28 at 6:30 PM Online Use Session Code 327-797-522
Advanced Class Tuesday, November 7 at 6:30 PM Online Use Session Code 763-403-007

Enter the session code at https://www.join.me/

There will be three live Basic Classes this fall:

Basic Class Monday, September 30 at 6:00 PM Elmore County Courthouse
100 E Commerce Street
Wetumpka, AL
Basic Class Tuesday, October 15 at 6:00 PM Southern /union State Community
College, Building 8
1701 Lafayette Parkway
Opelika, AL
Basic Class Tuesday, October 22 at 6:00 PM Russell County EMA
7:00 PM Eastern Operations Center
311 Pretiss Drive
Phenix City, AL

These classes will help you provide the NWS the vital “ground truth” information they need to verify radar indications, target their attention and help you relay reports in a clear manner to the NWS, either directly via the1-800-856-0758 number, online at https://www.weather.gov/bmx/submit_storm_report
or via chat or amateur radio. This knowledge helps Skywarn Net Control stations filter reports, by giving them knowledge of what reporting stations are trying to describe. This way they can tell if the report is a valid report, an invalid report by an overly excited operator or a valid, but, poorly described report, which without this knowledge would be mistakenly dismissed.

For further information on these classes visit: http://www.weather.gov/bmx/skywarnschedule

A PDF of the September 20, 2018 Basic presentation may be found at:
https://www.weather.gov/media/bmx/skywarn/BasicSpotterGSAT.pdf

A PDF of the April 4, 2019 Advanced presentation may be found at:
https://www.weather.gov/media/bmx/skywarn/Gerald_Satterwhite_Advanced_WEBPAGE.pdf

For information on classes being held by the Huntsville NWS office visit: https://www.weather.gov/hun/skywarn

For information on classes being held by the Mobile NWS office visit:
https://www.weather.gov/mob/spotter_training

For information on classes being held by the Tallahassee NWS office visit:
https://www.weather.gov/tae/taeskywarn

There are no reasons other than distance to why you can’t attend these classes if you wish. I attended an aviation weather seminar strictly out of curiosity and to gain knowledge, which even though hopefully I will never pilot a plane, the knowledge gain has proven very useful.

Other useful resources:

ABC33/40 Basic Storm Spotter Training
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_MzKUTfUKA
ABC 33/40 Storm Spotter Extreme Part 1 – April 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOE69nsaKWE
ABC 33/40 Storm Spotter Extreme Part 2 – April 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q8hT7gCCQB0

For information on online training visit:
https://www.meted.ucar.edu/training_course.php?id=23

Note this online course IS NOT intended to replace the courses offered by the NWS offices. The local meteorologists will know factors and variations in the area microclimate that may need to be considered in assessing the observed phenomena. Consider this online course as supplemental information.

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Predicting VHF & UHF Band Openings

One cool October evening I was soldering some equipment listening to what I assumed was a new FM radio station at the far end of the FM band, where the public broadcasting, university and religious stations seem to be relegated.

“and you too can receive this commemorative 10 CD set of Slim Whitman’s Best of Bluegrass Hip-hop for your generous donation of $100 supporting you Oklahoma Public Radio Stations.”

Well, maybe I don’t remember the actual offer, but, I do remember it was about as tempting, and, I do remember being tempted to call and say “your signal has made it into Alabama”, but, being occupied with destroying an innocent radio I resisted that urge.

The FM band or at least the lower portion of the 20 MHz wide band was open, which was unknown to most people, because most people don’t check the “empty” frequencies between the local stations for unusual activity.

If you want to be an “expert” on a particular band, whether its’s two meters, 440, an HF band or a broadcast band, the way to do this is to listen for a week or so to the entire band or the band segment you are “specializing” in and identify and log every station and signal that you consistently hear, whether it’s a broadcast station or repeater. This way, when a strange signal appears you know that something is afoot.

VHF and UHF band openings, with the exception of meteor scatter, with signals being reflected off of meteor ion trails left as they (hopefully) streak to their doom and the fluttery signals being bounced off of the aurora (which sound like someone talking while rapidly shaking their heads back and forth) the majority of band openings are cause by “tropospheric ducting”, caused by cold or cool air being overlaid by warmer air.

There are four main situations that will lead to this scenario.

The first is caused by the cold outflow of thunderstorms or clusters of thunderstorms striking the ground and undercutting the surrounding warm air. On radar this will appear as a line or wave expanding from the storms, like a shock wave, and will travel far from the storm, often continuing after the storm which caused this “gust front” has long disappeared.

This line, which acts like a miniature cold front, can ram into other storms causing them to flare, initiate new storms, pass unnoticeably or cause sudden gusty weather. If it is caused by an entire line of storms venting simultaneously, the wind can intensify, like wind trapped between buildings forming a “gravity wave” and cause 80 MPH winds to wreak havoc hundreds of miles away, even though the skies there are perfectly clear.

From a radio point of view these can cause localized band openings on VHF and UHF and are highly unpredictable, but, are created by conditions detectable by NOAA weather radar.

A much more frequent scenario is when a strong cold front passes through. Cold fronts do not approach like a wall of cold air, but, rather undercuts the warm air mass it is invading, like a wave pushing in. Along the axis of the cold front this cold air pushing the warm air above it can cause a band opening along the length of the cold front.

This posed a problem in the Birmingham and Huntsville areas in the 1970’s and 1980’s as both cities had repeaters on 146.940 MHz and both were the respective areas emergency ARES or Skywarn frequencies and would unintentionally interfere with each other during severe weather situations if the band opened up.

Few repeaters in the 1970’s and 80’s had PL tones and fewer radios had the capability to encode the transmission if the repeater did have this capability. In fact “toning” a repeater was often misunderstood as an act of “snobbery” indicating to some that it was a “closed repeater” where “me, my friends Roscoe, Bubba and our kinfolk are the only ones welcome”. To be honest, there were repeaters back then where this “left hand of fellowship” attitude would have been a fair assessment.

The “34 94 problem” was cured when the 88 repeater, then called the “28 88 repeater” was donated the Birmingham Amateur Radio Club and became Birmingham’s emergency repeater and the old 34 94 repeaters frequency was changed to 145.410 MHz, which is now the K4DSO D-Star repeater.

Cold fronts can often be detected weather radar as a line of showers or thunderstorms along the actual front, and this may tip you off that a band opening may occur.

The most reliable band opening occurs, unless the atmosphere is turbulent and being churning up, is every morning at dawn. As dawn approaches the Sun’s rays will begin reaching and warming the upper layers of the atmosphere. This warming will reach lower and lower until finally reaching ground level. During this time when warm air is overlaying colder air a natural band opening will occur. Sometimes this opening will be weak, short-lived and barely noticeable; sometimes it will be very strong and may last until midday.

This is why you may hear distant repeaters in the morning. One frequent visitor is the W4BIT repeater on 146.880 MHz (PL 100.0 Hz) in Kennehoochee Georgia.

These early morning band openings, if occurring when a frigid air mass is in place, can extend upward reaching optical wavelengths letting one see objects beyond the horizon.

In the case of optics this is referred to as a “superior mirage”.

There are two basic types of mirages, an “inferior mirage” and a “superior mirage”.

These terms have nothing to with the quality of the mirage, but, rather which direction a light ray is bent.

An inferior mirage occurs due to the sharp temperature difference between warm or hot air at a low level and cool or cold air at a higher level, such as hot desert sand or road pavement beneath cooler air. This arrangement will bend light rays slightly upward making objects at higher altitudes appear beneath a lower object, for instance the blue of the sky appearing in the middle of a road. The image is distorted due to turbulence and usually inverted, so that it appears like a pool of water.

A superior mirage occurs when cold air is overlaid or trapped by warm air, which is a temperature inversion. In this case the light rays are bent downward, and the mirage appears above the true object. In some cases if the boundary between cold and warm air is sharp enough the light can be reflected off the boundary, back toward the ground, and reflected by the ground towards the boundary, or become trapped between layers of air, and follow the curvature of the earth making far distant objects appear on the horizon. Some believe this is how the Norsemen knew that Greenland existed and how once reaching Greenland they knew another larger landmass lay farther to the west, now known as North America.

I’ve seen this once myself, when the temperature in Birmingham was in the low teens. The mountains toward Blount County had an exact reflection, albeit upside down hovering above them.

At midday VHF/UHF radio range decreases. This was explained to me through the years that as temperature increased; the air molecules absorbed the signal. Maybe this is true. But, I also wondered since warm air is less dense than cool air, why a warmer thinner atmosphere would absorb more signals than a cooler denser, higher humidity atmosphere?

Another possibility is that the signal is being bent skyward by the inferior mirage effect, just as visible light is. In this case, if you are transmitting a 50 watt signal, and 30 watts of it are being bent skyward, then only 20 watts is hitting your target area.

Then factor in the same distortion you see when you see objects shimmering in the heat. If the radio signal is subject to the same effect, then your remaining 20 watts is a signal being distorted and “blurred” or scattered by the heat, causing even less usable signal at the repeater site.

Another atmospheric effect is that the atmosphere near the horizon acts like a lens and bends light and radio signals over the horizon. This sometimes will cause the silhouette of distant mountains to be seen in front of the setting sun. With radio signals the effect is that the “radio horizon” is 15 % farther than the geographic horizon.

Another though weaker band opening may occur after sunset as the hot / warm air lifts from the surface and rises as a warm layer overlying the now cooler surface air it leaves behind. On radar
this may a appear as a “radar bloom” where the it appears that precipitation forms around the radar site and expands in all directions like a time lapse of a rose blooming, as bugs, birds, bats and humidity at ground level are detected with increasing range.

These radar returns are most likely during the spring and fall seasons. While they don’t definitively betray a band openings presence, they do provide the hint that conditions are favorable for them.
Remember that NOAA weather radar is sensitive enough to pick up tiny flying bags of water also known as bugs. In some locations it is sensitive enough to pick up what an alien in a movie described as “ugly bags of water”, namely us.

I prefer the more optimistic outlook of “If you like water, you like 60% of me already.”

As you can see, band openings on VHF, UHF and beyond may be more frequent that one imagines.
Sometimes a band may seem “dead” when in fact it is wide open, just no one is transmitting.

But, can you tune to the “empty frequencies” that may suddenly become “filled”?

At the risk of sounding like an “old goat”, learning how to program your radio manually has some distinct advantages over using programs such as CHIRP or having a buddy do it for you…

The disadvantage of using Chirp and basing the programming on online repeater databases is that no matter how recently the database has been updated, it is already out of date. Repeaters can switch PL tones, temporarily go off the air, switch from analog to digital or from digital to analog, switch from one form of digital to another, or a frequency pair could be listed that hasn’t been used for years, but, the owner won’t relinquish the frequencies so the Repeater Council can reallocate them to someone else, since the frequency availability is very limited and pairs are not easily obtained.

As to having a buddy program your radio for you, he might, due to differences in geography be able to hit repeaters you won’t be able to reach, and vice versa. You might be able to easily hit the Podunk repeater, where he can’t even hear it since Walton’s Mountain is in the way, and as such he doesn’t include it when programming your radio.

So, as painful as it may be to learn and try, try to learn how to program your radios.

It’s exceedingly useful during emergencies and on trips, and will give you RF flexibility that many will never realize and a DX advantage.

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Mark’s Almanac

The tenth Month, October is so named because it is the eighth month on the Roman calendar. To the Slavs of Eastern Europe it is called “yellow month,” from the fading of the leaves, while to the Anglo-Saxons it was known as Winterfylleth, because at this full moon (fylleth) winter was supposed to begin.

By whichever name you call it, October is a mild and dry month, the driest of the year, in fact. And, it is a sunny month with the amount of possible sunshine reaching the ground in the 60% or greater range.

Weather shifts from autumn pattern to revisiting the summer pattern and back again. The Azores-Bermuda High shifts eastward into the Atlantic, but, leaves weakened high pressure centers over the Virginias, which still try to block out approaching fronts.

October is usually a quite month for tornadoes, with a 40% decrease in activity. Nationwide an average of 28 tornadoes occur in October and those tornadoes are usually weak.

Our Hurricane threat continues, with hurricane activity increasing during the first half of the month, concentrating in the Caribbean, both from formation in the Caribbean and from the long track Cape Verde hurricanes, which enter the Caribbean. And, we still have the little “gifts” that the Gulf of Mexico occasionally will provide.

Florida, due to its low latitude, becomes especially vulnerable to hurricanes. Since 1851, Florida has endured 31 October hurricane landfalls, nearly triple the next highest state — Louisiana, which has had eight. Also, about 60 percent of all U.S. hurricanes that made landfall after September 26 have done so in Florida. One factor being the cold fronts of Fall penetrating the Gulf and then deflecting storms towards the West coast of Florida.

Luckily after the second half of the month the activity will begin a steady decrease.

28% of the year’s hurricanes occur in October.

From 1851 – 2018 there have been 340 Tropical Storms and 208 hurricanes, 57 of which made landfall in the United States.

Some notable October hurricanes are:

The Great Hurricane of 1780, also known as Huracán San Calixto, the Great Hurricane of the Antilles, and the 1780 Disaster, the deadliest Atlantic hurricane, which killed between 20,000 to 22, 000 people in the Lesser Antilles as it passed through from October 10 – 16, 1780. It is possible that it had winds in excess of 200 MPH when it reached Barbados.

Hurricane Hazel struck the Carolinas in 1954. Weather satellite did not yet exist and the Hurricane Hunters were unable to observe the core of the storm until it neared land on October 15. Hazel made landfall just west of the North Carolina/South Carolina border slightly northeast of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina with a Category 4 intensity of 130 mph.

Hurricane Wilma still holds the record as the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic Basin. In 24 hours Wilma went from a Category 1 storm on October 18 to a Category 5 storm with 185 MPH Maximum Sustained Winds. She weakened to Category 4 and struck the Yucatan, then restrengthened and struck Cape Romano Florida as a Category 3 storm on October 24, 2005.

Hurricane Mitch became a Category 1 hurricane on October 24, 1998 and within 48 hours grew to Category 5 intensity, and though he weakened to Category 1 before making landfall, he became the second deadliest hurricane on record killing over 11,000, with nearly that number missing in Central America due to intense rainfall and mudslides. He would eventually reach the United States making landfall near Naples Florida on November 5.

Hurricane Michael formed near the Yucatan Peninsula on October 7, 2018 and in 72 hours grew from a Tropical Depression to a Category 5 hurricane striking struck Mexico Beach Florida.

Beware of October hurricanes, for as Wilma, Mitch and Michael have demonstrated, they can experience explosive growth.

October Tropical Cyclone Breeding Grounds

This is the month for Alabama’s version of “Indian Summer’s” arrival.

Technically speaking Indian Summer doesn’t occur until “Squaw Winter” or the first frost arrives, but exact date when Indian Summer arrives varies with latitude.

We live in Alabama, and while the earliest frosts have been known to occur by October 17, they usually wait until November. So, we, in our milder climate call the first warm up after the first cool down “Indian Summer”.

The Yellow Giant Sulphur Butterflies are very noticeable as they continue to drift South-Southeast on their migration towards Florida. They prefer red things & if you have red flowers they will zero in on them.

The Monarchs also will be seen gliding by in their migration towards Central America.

Fall colors will become prominent & by late October & early November the leaves will be reaching their peak fall colors.

Days rapidly grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 53.2 degrees at the beginning of the month to 42.3 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight decreases from 11 hours 50 minutes on October 1 to 10 hours 51 minutes on October 31.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

October 1 Sunrise 5:41 AM Sunset 6:32 PM
October 15 Sunrise 6:51 AM Sunset 6:14 PM
October 31 Sunrise 7:05 AM Sunset 5:56 PM

Looking towards the sky, Mercury is hidden by the Sun at the beginning of the month. But, then moves into the evening sky. On October 20 He will reach his highest elevation above the western horizon or “Greatest Eastern Elongation” of 24.6 degrees from the Sun.

This is the best time to view Mercury since it will be at its highest point above the horizon in the evening sky. Look for the planet low in the western sky just after sunset.

Venus is hidden in the glare of the Sun.

Mars is also hidden in the glare of the Sun.

Jupiter, magnitude –2.0, between the feet of Ophiuchus the Serpent Bearer, is a white dot low in the southwest as twilight fades away.
Saturn, magnitude +0.5, low over the Sagittarius Teapot. Below Saturn is the handle of the Sagittarius Teapot. Barely above it is the dimmer, smaller bowl of the Sagittarius Teaspoon.
Uranus, magnitude 5.7, in Aries, is well up in the east by 10 PM CST. It’s highest in the south around 2 AM.

The blue-green planet will be at its closest approach to Earth or “Opposition” on October 27 and his face will be fully illuminated by the Sun. It will be brighter than any other time of the year and will be visible all night long.

This is the best time to view Uranus, but, due to its distance, it will only appear as a tiny blue-green dot in all but the most powerful telescopes.

Neptune, magnitude 7.8, in Aquarius, is in the southeast after dark and highest in the south around 11 PM.

The Draconid Meteor Shower will peak on October 8. This minor shower is produced by dust grains left behind by Comet 21P Giacobini-Zinner, which was discovered in 1900. This shower, which runs from October 6 – 10, is unusual in that it is best observed in the early evening, instead of the early morning hours as with most other showers.

The first quarter moon will set shortly after midnight leaving fairly dark skies for observing. Best viewing will be in the early evening from a dark location far away from city lights. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Draco, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on October 10, when she will be 252,215 miles from Earth.

October’s Full Moon will occur October 13. The Moon will be directly opposite the Earth from the Sun and will be fully illuminated as seen from Earth. This phase occurs at 21:09 UTC or 4:09 AM CDT. This full moon was known by early Native American tribes as the Full Hunters Moon because at this time of year the leaves are falling and the game is fat and ready to hunt. This moon has also been known as the Travel Moon and the Blood Moon.

The Orionid Meteor Shower peaks on October 21 & 22. The Orionids is an average shower producing up to 20 meteors per hour at its peak This shower, which runs from October 2 to November 7, is produced by the broad debris trail of Halley’s Comet. The crescent moon will set early in the evening leaving dark skies for what should be a good show. Best viewing will be from a dark location after midnight. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Orion, but can appear anywhere in the sky.

The Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth on October 26, when she will be 224,511 miles from Earth.

New Moon will occur October 28. The Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This phase occurs at 9:39 CDT or 3:39 UTC which in Greenwich England is the 29th. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere

This is the time of year when the rich star clouds of the Milky Way in Cygnus crosses the zenith, looking like a ghostly band overhead in the hour after nightfall is complete. The Milky Way now rises straight up from the southwest horizon, passes overhead, and runs straight down to the northeast. Later at midnight, Orion the Hunter and the stars of winter rise over the eastern horizon, reminding us to enjoy the mild weather while it is here, for this season, as all seasons, is but a fleeting moment in the never ending waltz of time.

4057 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of September 26, per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/.

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If you know anyone who is interested in getting into ham radio or upgrading, the next Volunteer Examination FCC test session will be 2:00 PM Sunday, October 6 at SCARC’s meeting site in Pelham. For more information visit https://aragroup.org/ for details.

This month’s meeting will be on October 8 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

If for some reason you cannot attend the meeting in person, you can still participate via telephone. The NEW teleconference number is 1-866-231-8384 & and the conference code is
2056215645#.

Hope to see you there!

Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter

www.freewebs.com/weatherlynx/

Mark’s Weatherlynx
Weather Resource Database

Hi everyone,

I will let you in on a closely guarded secret. Promise to tell no one? Fall is soon approaching.

My grass has been as golden brown as the temperatures reached the century mark, but, now with the recent rains there are signs of green hope springing through the withered mats.

Soon the Fall season and the events that come with it will arrive and we will enjoy the not too hot, not too cold days of the Goldilocks of seasons.

Football, camping, cookouts and a slight crispness in the air – do I sound like I am ready for it?

Whatever you are looking forward to, I hope you have a fun safe Late Summer / Early Fall Season.

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Hurricane Dorian Amateur Radio Frequencies

As Hurricane Dorian affects the Bahamas and the Southeastern US, the following net frequencies could and should be active as the storm threatens these areas.

Hurricane Watch Net
7.268 MHz LSB & 14.265 MHz USB

Streaming audio feed information:
https://www.hwn.org/tools/streaming-audio.html

Florida Phone Traffic Net & South Florida Traffic Net
3.940 MHz LSB

North Florida Phone Net & North Florida ARES Net
3.950 MHz LSB

Georgia Single Sideband Net / Georgia ARES Emergency Frequency
3.975 LSB

If the storm enters the Gulf of Mexico, the following frequencies will come into play.

Central Gulf Coast Hurricane Net
3.935 MHz LSB

Alabama Traffic Net Mike / Alabama ARES Net
3.965 MHz LSB

If you listen to these nets, unless the Net Control asks for general check ins or for stations with
specific capabilities or for a specific location, DO NOT TRANSMIT.

While we may want to feel we are “part of the action”, unneeded transmissions only hinder net operations, and in an extreme emergency can cost lives by blocking emergency calls or delaying emergency response.

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Enhancing Situational Awareness Capabilities

It was a clear fall day as I arrived at work, which at that time was in the electronics department at Sears. The day was an unusual day, as the sales staffs from the three area stores – Fairfield, Galleria and Century Plaza were to meet at the Century Plaza store to be introduced to the new Christmas electronics products presented by sometimes overly enthusiastic sales representatives.

Sometimes the presentations would be interesting, sometimes not and I remember the one hope I would leave with is “if you advertise it, please make sure you actually ship it to us”. For if anywhere along the supply line, whether at the overseas factory, the ship or seaport, the trucking companies or distribution center, the product didn’t arrive, yours truly would catch the grief, since it was most certainly my fault. And explaining that an earthquake levelled the factory or that the ad featuring the worthless $5 gizmo was printed five months earlier in Chicago would do little to ease the hellacious barrage.

Arriving at my store’s break room, I glanced at the TV to see one of the towers of the World Trade Center with smoke billowing from the side. Turning the sound up I learned that a plane had crashed into the building and my mind went back to the 1945 crash of a B-25 bomber into the Empire State Building. Everyone thought it was an accident. Then the second plane came in.

For the majority of people, whether it was the destruction of the Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia, assassination attempts, military actions or any other major news, the public’s first notice was “We interrupt this program for a Special Report from ABC News.”

Words that still make me cringe.

By 2013 Smartphones were now in vogue, but, mine was still dumb, so I learned at my new job about the Boston Marathon bombing three hours after the event. This let me know that major events could be taking place without me having a clue or warning, leaving me without any lead time to take appropriate action, if needed, such as head home, take cover, keep your eyes peeled, etc.

My search for information on the way home also validated an opinion I had formed that so called “stimulating news talk radio” was practically useless for finding information during breaking news events, for I found plenty of talk, but, not much news and the banter was not particularly stimulating either.

After getting a smarter phone, to counter this shortcoming, I started organizing apps for news, weather, communications, and loving the outdoors, navigation. But, for this article we will concentrate on the news, communications and weather sources.

When one is at the NWS Forecast Office in Birmingham, one will see six large screen TV’s mounted together on the back wall with programs from six TV stations, such as ABC3340 or WSFA in Montgomery, playing in the background.

This is their “Situational Awareness Display”.

This allows the meteorologists to see what is happening in various locations within their County Warning Areas. If a station’s tower cam is showing a tornado or if a hurricane is making landfall or a tornado touchdown has occurred they can watch the coverage live so that they, along with their normal equipment and resources, can better assess the situation to make the best decisions possible.

My phone and my laptop are my “Situational Awareness Displays”.

On my phone, which is an I-Phone, I have these resources organized in folders. On an I-phone you can create a folder by letting your finger rest on an icon, which will then wiggle and dragging it on top of another Icon. A new folder is then formed which once you tap you can rename. Three I have are “News”, “Weather” and “Communications.”

In the News Folder I installed apps from ABC3340, WVTM, WBRC, CBS42, CBS, AP News, CNN and the BBC.

Now, I try not to venture into politics with these newsletters, as I hate drama and arguments, and I realize that some of these sources may not be everyone’s cup of tea, due to perceived bias, either right wing or left.

I also realize, what many forget, that this is by no means a new complaint. I remember in the 1960’s and 70’s hearing my parents and their friends complaining that the news anchors of those days – Chet Huntley, David Brinkley, Frank Reynolds and “that Communist Walter Cronkite” were “as biased as they could be”.

I don’t remember what poor old Walter had done. It might have had something to do with Nixon or Vietnam, I don’t know. I was a kid, and in those days while kids were aware of events happening around them, they weren’t expected to be weighted down with the woes of the world, as are the children of today. We were just expected to be kids, and we had more than enough of our own woes just dealing with schoolyard schmucks and measles.

Besides, if the grownups couldn’t figure the mess out, why should a 10 year old be expected to do so?

So with news bias just realize that nothing ever changes except the names. Thus it has been, and thus it shall always be until the end of time.

Drifting back on topic, I have these apps set to alert me for major events, some feature audible signals, some don’t.

For the Weather Folder, the setup is slightly different for I set up internet shortcuts as well as downloaded apps.

To create a shortcut, go to Safari and type in the web address. After the website loads, tap on the share icon at the bottom of the screen. A list with “copy”, “print” and such will appear near the bottom of the screen. Swipe this to the left and the “add to home screen” icon will appear. Tap this and give the website a name in the first text field and then tap Add from the top right.

Weather related apps in the folder are Earthquake, Quakefeed, the Weather app that came with the phone, and Windy.

The earthquake apps give real-time alerts and the Windy app displays the wind streams over North America, and can be repositioned and zoomed. See https://www.windy.com for the computer version to try it out.

The websites I include are:

https://alerts.weather.gov/cap/al.php?x=1 All Alabama Watches, Warnings and Advisories.

https://radar.weather.gov/ridge/radar.php?rid=bmx&overlays=11101111&product=N0R&loop=yes
NWS Ridge Radar from Birmingham

https://weather.cod.edu/satrad/nexrad/index.php?type=BMX-N0Q-0-6 College of Dupage Radar…..slice up thunderstorms with four selectable beam angles, see cloud top heights, vertical integrated liquid products…

https://www.spc.noaa.gov/exper/mesoanalysis/new/mobile.php Provides detailed tools and analysis of atmospheric conditions.

https://nwschat.weather.gov/live/?nomap
NWSChat Live to access NWSchat.

https://weather.im/iembot/
NWS text products. Choose the NWS Office from a dropdown Menu.

For Communications my primary tools are Facebook and Twitter. On Facebook I am in contact with friends and family and also follow the NWS Birmingham, the National Hurricane Center, other Government entities, news outlets and groups.

On Twitter, which I rarely tweet on, I follow the NWS Birmingham, the National Hurricane Center, FEMA Region 4, James Spann, Brian Peters, John DeBlock, Wes Wyatt, JP Dice, Jerry Tracy and other meteorologists. Overkill perhaps? Hardly. Some of the best and most timely information I receive is via Twitter.

I am also on MEWE and Instagram.

Now as for the laptop, the world is at my fingertips, as is my website https://weatherlynx.webs.com/ which as its description says, was “created in 2003….designed to give quick access to weather tools for emergency & planning purposes.” It is basically a overstuffed directory of what I consider “great” websites.

I use to get user statistics and found it was being accessed from all over the world. Which I assume is still occurring, and is nifty, I think.
With these resources at hand I can keep my finger on the pulse of the world and be aware of potentially serious situations, whether they are occurring across the globe or across the street.

One final word on Situational Awareness, once a gentleman asked me a question, which I answered. He said “what?” and I answered again. “WHAT?” he said impatiently. Again I answered. Finally on the third time he very angrily looked up from his smartphone, jerked the blaring earbuds out of his ears and yet again I patiently answered him.

Anyone could do anything to or around him and he was so engrossed in fantasyland that he would have been completely unaware until it was too late.

Don’t be like him. In this day and age, if never before, pay attention to the world around you.

It may keep you in “The Land Of The Living.”

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Mark’s Almanac

September is the ninth month of the year and the seventh month of the Roman calendar, which is where the month gets its name.

Temperatures are still hot at the beginning of the month, but, by months end, fall will definitely be felt.

Noticeable in September will be the thickening of the cat’s fur, as she begins growing her winter coat & the drift of Yellow Giant Sulphur Butterflies as they migrate towards Florida.

Weather starts shifting from the summer to autumn pattern and then back again. Storm activity resembles the August pattern, but the Bermuda High starts shifting southward and begins weakening, which weakens the blocking effect that has hampered fronts attempting to invade from the northwest.

September is the peak of the hurricane season, the actual peak being on September 10. This peak coincides with the time of “syzygy”, when the effects of the solar and lunar gravity and autumnal equinox combine to provide the highest astronomical tides of the year. Add a hurricane’s storm surge on top of this and you can have incredibly destructive flooding.

From 1851 – 2018 there have been 587 Tropical Storms and 407 hurricanes, 112 of which made landfall in the United States.

Some notable September hurricanes are:

The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, which was a Category 4 Storm whose storm surge overwhelmed Galveston Island, killing 8000 people, and is still the deadliest weather disaster in US history.

The Labor Day Hurricane of 1936, the most intense storm to strike the US, was a Category 5 storm which moved through the Florida Keys and along West Florida, overturning trains and literally sandblasting people to death.

Ivan, the category 3 storm which struck Alabama & Florida in 2004, caused tremendous damage to Gulf Shores and extensive damage to the state’s electrical grid. At the height of the outages, Alabama Power reported 489,000 subscribers had lost electrical power—roughly half of its subscriber base.

Rita, a category 3 storm which struck the Texas – Louisiana border in 2005, and, despite the distance, dropped 22 tornadoes over Western Alabama.

It is entirely possible and is now in fact predicted, that 2019 could be a “back loaded” season with the majority of the storms occurring in the latter portion of the system.

We have Dorian right now. How many brothers and sisters will he invite to the party?

Days continue to grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 64.9 degrees at the beginning of the month to 53.6 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight decreases from 12 hours 52 minutes on August 1 to 11 hours 53 minutes on August 31.

Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:

September 1 Sunrise 6:21 AM Sunset 7:13 PM
September 15 Sunrise 6:30 AM Sunset 6:55 PM
September 31 Sunrise 6:41 AM Sunset 6:33 PM

Looking skyward, at the beginning of the month Mercury, is hidden in the glare of the Sun and pass behind the Sun reaching “Superior Conjunction” on September 3, when Mercury and the Earth will be on opposite sides of the sun.

By midmonth he will have emerged in the evening sky and on the 28th he will be near Spica, the brightest star in Virgo.

Venus is hidden behind the glare of the Sun.

Mars will pass behind the Sun on September 2.

Jupiter, magnitude –2.3, between the feet of Ophiuchus, is the white dot hanging in the south-southwest as twilight fades away.

Saturn, magnitude +0.3, in Sagittarius, is the steady, pale yellowish “star” in the south-southeast during and after dusk.

Uranus, magnitude 5.8, in Aries, is high in the south just before the beginning of dawn.

Neptune, magnitude 7.8, in Aquarius, is well up in the southeast by 11 p.m. and highest in the south by 2 a.m.

The blue giant planet will be at its closest approach to Earth or “Opposition”, 2,689,200,000 miles, on September 9. It will be brighter than any other time of the year and will be visible all night long.

Due to its extreme distance from Earth, it will only appear as a tiny blue dot in all but the most powerful telescopes.

The Moon will be at Apogee or its farthest distance from Earth on September 13, when she will be 252511 miles from Earth.

September’s Full Moon will occur September 13 at 11:34 PM CDT or 4:34 UTC on September 14. This month’s moon is “Full Corn Moon” in Native American folklore because corn is harvested this time of year.

This year it is also “Harvest Moon”. Harvest moon get its name because the moon is larger and seems to rise at almost the same time every night, which allowed harvesting to continue on into the night.

Most believe that Harvest Moon is always in September; however this isn’t always the case. Harvest Moon is actually the full moon closest to the Autumnal Equinox, and so occasionally it can occur with October “Hunters Moon”.

Since this month’s Full Moon occurs at Apogee, it will be a “Micromoon”, which is opposite of a Supermoon. Also called “Minimoon”, “Micro Full Moon” or “Apogee Moon”, this Full Moon will appear slightly smaller than a normal Full Moon.

Fall begins at Autumnal Equinox on September 23 at 2:50 AM CDT or 7:50 UTC, when the Sun crosses directly over the equator and night and day is approximately the same length throughout the world. For the Southern Hemisphere it is Vernal Equinox, the first day of Spring.

One term that occasionally pops up is “equinoctial storms”. Which are severe storms in North America and the UK that supposedly accompany the vernal and autumnal equinoxes. Where this belief originated is obscure. Some say perhaps from the 1700’s when sailors were greeted by West Indies hurricanes, or due to the coincidence of the first fall severe storms sometimes coming in the latter half of September. At any rate, statistics show no evidence to support the belief.

On this date, if there is sufficient solar activity, and you are away from city lights, the aurora may possibly be seen, as the Equinox dates are the two most favored times of the year for auroral sightings.

The Moon will be at Perigee or its closest approach to Earth on September 7, when she will be 222,328 miles from Earth.

New Moon occurs September 28 at 1:26 PM CDT or 18:26 UTC when the Moon will on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be visible in the night sky. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters because there is no moonlight to interfere.

High in the Southern night sky an asterism or a group of stars appearing clustered together, but not actually gravitationally bound will be seen that resembles a teapot. This is the Teapot of Sagittarius.

To the naked eye, the Teapot is roughly the size of your fist at arm’s length. Above the spout of the Teapot lies a band of light, the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud. A pair of binoculars will reveal a sea of stars and faint grayish patches, the largest of which is the Lagoon Nebula. When you look upon these nebulae you are seeing stars in the process of being born.

The spout, which is tilting and pouring to the right, also points towards the galactic center of the Milky Way, located just beyond the Large Sagittarius Star cloud, but largely hidden by the dust clouds, which lie along the plane of the Sagittarius arm of the galaxy.

4043 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of August 15, per NASA’s Exoplanet Archive http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/.

Incidentally, at a recent event at the University Of Colorado, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said “Just so you know, in my view, Pluto is a planet.

You can write that the NASA Administrator declared Pluto a planet again. I’m sticking by that, it’s the way I learnt it, and I’m committed to it,”

Though what he said may not count, I happen to agree with him.

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This month’s meeting will be on September 10 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office at the Shelby County Airport.

If for some reason you cannot attend the meeting in person, you can still participate via telephone. The NEW teleconference number is 1-866-231-8384 & and the conference code is
2056215645#.
Hope to see you there!
Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter

www.freewebs.com/weatherlynx/

Mark’s Weatherlynx
Weather Resource Database

Hi everyone,
I hope all is well as we enter these midsummer days. As you bake and broil in the sun, remember
that fall is just a little over a month away, and eventually the heat and humidity will retreat back
towards the tropical realms from whence it came and in about 6 months we will be griping and
wishing we could borrow one of these days for a welcomed winter thaw.
Our next ALERT meeting will be on August 13. Dues are still due, so if you missed the July
meeting, as I did, grab the piggy bank and come to the meeting.
I hope to see you there!
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The Strangers Among Us Revisited

In the February 2018 and March 2019 Newsletters I wrote two articles titled “The Strangers Among
Us” and “Non-Amateur Radio Options For Emergency Preparedness” covering the increasingly
frequent practice of Preppers and others of purchasing ham equipment, most notably $20
Baofeng UV-5R handie talkies to “put in my Bug Out Bag” or for buddies to use covertly in the
woods for hunting, and other activities, all without bothering to obtain an Amateur Radio License.
The problem addressed has not gone away, and in fact is much worse as thousands are
purchasing these radios for their Bug Out Bags, keeping track with buddies on the road and to
keep track of the kids. All of which would really be better suited by MURS, FRS or CB radios.
As mentioned in these articles, if you look at advertisements on Amazon, EBay, Wish and other
online retail sites, unless you read the comments section, if they have one, there is not a single
reference to any licensing requirement. Nor does the operation manual mention one. So, it’s
entirely possible that many, if not most people simply do not realize that an FCC license is
required.
Others simply don’t care. “Just another buck in the governments wallet”, “they just want to be
able to track you”, “my beeswax, not yours” etc, etc.
The most favored justification is “in an emergency, who cares?” quoting the oft used or perhaps
misused excuse “it is perfectly legal to use any radio transmitter on any frequency to seek
emergency lifesaving help.”
But, “Fran, its Mom, you about through in there, the others need to use it too?”, “Hey Joe, when
you pick up the beer, can you get me some tater chips too?” and “Change lanes up ahead Bob, or
you’re gonna end up in Memphis” are not “lifesaving” situations.
Though random operators thinking these are just advanced walkie-talkies might randomly show
up on any ham frequency, there are other groups that take this to another level.

In addition to HF frequencies, the following frequencies are listed or promoted on various sites as
“Prepper”, “Patriot” and “Redoubter” frequencies.
146.420 MHz x
146.520 MHz x
146.530 MHz
146.550 MHz x
146.680 MHz
445.975 MHz
446.000 MHz
446.025 MHz
446.030 MHz x
x most frequently referenced frequencies.
Now if private individuals, family groups or participants in an organization have a ham licenses
and follow the FCC rules and don’t use it for questionable or illegal purposes, there’s no problem.
It’s the influx of people lacking a license and the consequently lacking any knowledge of radio
protocols and procedures or even what Amateur Radio is about, or wanting to use it, for example
for purposes ranging from off-roading to paramilitary operations, that is the problem.
Curious as to whether any such activity is occurring locally, I dug out an old scanner and began
monitoring these frequencies. On July 18 I heard two men navigating through traffic on I-65,
trying to find the correct lane to turn onto I-59/20 heading for Tuscaloosa. “Dad, will you please
just follow me?”
For a couple of weeks, off and on, I have repeatedly heard a faint dead carrier on 146.880, possibly
the same person who likes blowing into the microphone, as heard last week.
I am told that there is a fellow using foul language and threatening people on several area
repeaters.
So, if nothing else, shenanigans are afoot.
So how do we address this problem?
1. Be aware that the problem exists. You can’t address something, if you blissfully ignore it.
2. If you become aware of someone planning on getting a radio minus a license, educate them.
Tell them how to become a ham and invite them. One of three things will happen, they may give
up the idea, they may brush you off and do it anyway or they may study and get their license and
become a valuable member of the ham community.
Tell those getting these radios for preparedness purposes that obtaining a license allows them to
use and become knowledgeable about their equipment and radio properties in general, allowing
them to become proficient in operating procedures before disaster strikes, giving them an edge in
preparing. This seems to be effective, while promising them that the FCC paddy wagon will be
showing up for them does not.
3. If you find a person bootlegging on the air, don’t talk to them. If you are already talking to them
and figure out that they are bootlegging simply say “I’m sorry, but you have to have a valid FCC
Amateur Radio license to be on this frequency. This is K#4### clear.”

Call the repeater trustee or a club officer, and let them know what is going on. Talking to them will
only encourage them to continue and the “I’m gonna open a can of whoop butt on you” approach
can backfire and inspire them to interfere with every net and QSO in central Alabama.
As to deliberate interference and which is basically “RF trolling”, simply ignore the person. Do
not acknowledge them or even hint that you know they exist. They will figure they their efforts are
ineffective and eventually get bored and leave. If you engage with them and argue with them, you
have satisfied their need for attention, and as the say “you ain’t seen nothing yet”.
I’ll throw this in. Over the years I have been a ham, hams that have been caught deliberately
interfering, in more cases than not, turn out being someone who has been licensed for years, and
sometimes even decades, not turn new hams or CBers as it assumed and loudly proclaimed.
Why they became soured with the hobby and perhaps life in general, we never know. To put years
into a hobby and then only to throw it all away is sad, to say the least.
4. Clubs and groups, if you are not active in “foxhunting” and direction finding, you may want to
get involved in this activity. Those already involved in these need to hone their skills so you can
locate these individuals so you can turn them and the evidence you gather over to the FCC.
Remembering that though tarring and feathering may be tempting please let the FCC be the one
that does it.
We really don’t want to see you on the evening news.
The frequencies 27.025 and 7.200 MHz, though in different radio services, have something in
common.
27.025, CB Channel 6, is known by CBers as the “Superbowl”. Though CB has much improved
over the wild and wooly days of the 1970’s, Channel 6 is still a radio free-for-all of people using
echo mics, roger beeps, excessive power levels, audio splattering over half the CB band,
repetitive nonsensical blathering, and radio procedures that would make the Three Stooges
proud.
7.200 MHz, ham radio’s version of CB Channel 6, is not much better with foul language, deliberate
interference, and every type of radio garbage you could think of being transmitted.
Given these shining examples of how bad things can be, let’s work to see that two meters doesn’t
become a radio wasteland that these two other shining beacons have become.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Mark’s Almanac

August was originally named “Sextilis”, the sixth Roman month. It was renamed August in honor
of Caesar Augustus and lengthened to 31 days, to equal Julius Caesar’s month of July.
August is hot and humid and summer temperatures remain at or near their summer peak.
The rapid vegetation growth of spring is over, and, since conditions are now perfect for the
growth of mold, fungi & germs, plants have a “used” look, which is enhanced if rainfall is scarce.

In August the choir of cicadas whine in the afternoon & towards the end of the month the big
Yellow Sulphur Butterflies will begin heading to the South-Southeast, giving hints of their soon
upcoming fall migration & cats will begin to hint of growing their winter coats.
Hurricane breeding grounds in August are the Atlantic, with Low Latitude “Cape Verde” storms
forming off of Africa crossing the Ocean and either threatening the Eastern Seaboard or striking
the Leeward Islands, entering the Caribbean and then striking the Yucatan, or the Western or
Northern Gulf coast. Breeding grounds also include the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
August is second only to September in the number of Tropical Storms and Hurricanes. From 1851
to 2018 there have been 391 Tropical Storms and 246 Hurricanes, 81 of which made landfall in the
United States, the most notable storms being Hurricanes Camille and Katrina in 1969 and 2005,
which devastated Mississippi and Louisiana and Hurricane Andrew which ravaged South Florida
in 1992.
21% of a year’s Hurricanes occur in August, however, 85 to 95% of land falling Hurricanes have
not occurred by August 15.

Days grow shorter as the Sun’s angle above the noonday horizon steadily decreases from 74.4
degrees at the beginning of the month to 65.0 degrees at the month’s end. Daylight decreases
from 13 hours 48 minutes on August 1 to 12 hours 54 minutes on August 31.
Sunrise and sunset times for Birmingham are:
August 1 Sunrise 6:00 AM Sunset 7:47 PM
August 15 Sunrise 6:09 AM Sunset 7:34 PM
August 31 Sunrise 6:20 AM Sunset 7:14 PM
Looking skyward, at the beginning of the month, Mercury is hidden behind the glow of the Sun.
Mercury then emerges into dawn and by on August 9 He will reach his highest point above the
Eastern horizon or “Greatest Western Elongation” when he will be 19.0 degrees from the Sun.
This is the best time to view Mercury since he will be at his highest point above the horizon in the
morning sky. Look for the planet low in the eastern sky just before sunrise.

Mercury will be at his closest approach to the Sun or Perihelion on August 20.
Venus, is hidden behind the Sun. Venus will be at her closest approach to the Sun on August 8.
She will pass directly behind the Sun or be at Superior Conjunction on August 14.
Mars is also hidden behind the Sun.
Mars will be at his farthest distance from the Sun or Aphelion on August 25.
Jupiter, magnitude –2.4, between the legs of Ophiuchus, is the white point glaring in the south
during and after dusk.
Saturn, magnitude +0.1, in Sagittarius, is the steady, pale yellowish "star" in the south-southeast
during and after dusk, 31° left of Jupiter. Look lower right of Saturn for the Sagittarius Teapot.
In a telescope Saturn's rings are tilted a wide 24.7° to our line of sight.
Saturn will pass directly behind the moon at 5:07 AM on August 12.
Uranus, magnitude 5.8, in Aries, is high in the southeast before the first beginnings of dawn.
Neptune, magnitude 7.8, in Aquarius, is high in the south as dawn breaks.
The moon will be at Perigee or her closest approach to Earth on August 2, when she will be
223,319 miles from Earth.
The Perseid Meteor Shower peaks on the night of August 12 & 13, with 50 to 60 meteors per hour.
This shower, produce by debris from Comet Swift-Tuttle, which was discovered in 1862, ranks as
the best of the best, famous for producing bright meteors. The shower runs annually from July 17
to August 24. It peaks this year on the night of August 12 and the morning of August 13.
This year the shower coincides with a nearly Full Moon, which will wash out all but the brightest
meteors. Meteors will radiate from the constellation Perseus, but can appear anywhere in the sky.
August’s Full Moon will occur August 15 at 12:30 UTC or 7:30 AM CDT. August’s Full Moon was
called “Fruit Moon” in Cherokee Folklore, “Women’s Moon” among the Choctaw, “Sturgeon
Moon” by the Algonquin because the large sturgeon fish of the Great Lakes and other major lakes
were more easily caught at this time of year. This moon has also been known as the Green Corn
Moon and the Grain Moon and at one time was called “Dog Days Moon” by the Colonial
Americans.
The moon will be at Apogee or her farthest distance from Earth on August 17, when she will be
252,428 miles from Earth.
On August 30 the Moon will be located on the same side of the Earth as the Sun and will not be
visible in the night sky, which is known as New Moon. This phase occurs at 10:37 UTC or 5:37 AM
CDT. This is the best time of the month to observe faint objects such as galaxies and star clusters
because there is no moonlight to interfere.
Though July’s New Moon was on July 31 at 10:12 CDT, it was also at 3:12 UTC, August 1.
Therefore by UTC time August will have two New Moons.
You may remember that a second of Full Moon in a single month is popularly called a “Blue
Moon”, but what about two New Moons in a single month?

A second New Moon in a month is a “Black Moon”.
Now a more persnickety definition, is the third Full Moon in a season which has four Full Moons is
a Blue Moon and the third New Moon in a season which has four New Moons is a Black Moon.
A third definition says a Black Moon is a month with no Full Moon
A fourth definition states that it is a month with no New Moon, which last happened in 2014, and
will next occur on February 2033.
No one writes songs about Black Moons. “Black Moon, you saw me standing alone….”
It just doesn’t “sing”,
The Black Moon will be at her second Perigee or closest approach to Earth on August 30, when
she will be 221,939 miles from Earth.
4025 planets beyond our solar system have now been confirmed as of July 25, per NASA’s
Exoplanet Archive http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

I’m looking for articles and suggestions and ideas for articles for our newsletter. What would you
like to see? Send suggestions to wd4nyl@bellsouth.net
Thanks for your help!
This month’s meeting will be on August 13 at 7PM at the National Weather Service Forecast office
at the Shelby County Airport.
If for some reason you cannot attend the meeting in person, you can still participate via
telephone. The teleconference number is 1-877-951-0997 & and the participant code is 741083.
Hope to see you there!
Mark / WD4NYL
Editor
ALERT Newsletter
wd4nyl@bellsouth.net